Chapter 16 6. Bottled wine

China lost too much in the Sino-Japanese War of 1898-1895, and it was hard to face. Mr. Liang Qichao said, "The awakening of China's 4,000-year dream began with the defeat in the Sino-Japanese War of 1899-1895, when Taiwan was ceded and the repayment was 200 trillion." This battle can wake up the Chinese people. up.Why did we lose to Little Japan? Some people began to think about it, because our reforms did not go to the root. Little Japan could not change except the race, everything else changed, completely Westernized.Let’s get a little fuzzy, “China’s civil and military system is far superior to the west, and firearms alone can’t match it.” Well, now firearms are just like others, they can’t do what others do, and what’s more, it’s not Europe, it’s its students In Japan, it is even more difficult to fight against the teacher.In this way, the Chinese realized that the system also had to be changed, so there was the Reform Movement of 1898.

After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the imperialists carved up China, and the Chinese nation faced the danger of national subjugation and extinction.However, China's natural economy was further destroyed, and a large number of labor markets emerged. In order to expand tax sources and solve the financial crisis, the imperial court relaxed the restrictions on private factories. The policy of suppressing agriculture and business began to change, in line with the world trend, and the bourgeoisie became extremely active. In the 1860s, due to the inheritance of Western capitalism and the emergence of Chinese capitalism, early reform ideas emerged.Wang Tao and Zheng Guanying advocated the development of national industry and commerce economically, and engaged in commercial wars with foreign countries; culturally, they established schools.

Learn western natural science knowledge; politically realize the constitutional monarchy, breaking through the ideological proposition of the Westernization Movement.The early reform thoughts did not form a complete theory, but just discussed the facts. Those who took action were Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao.Their thoughts made theoretical preparations for the reform, mainly as follows: First, they opened a school, that is, Wanmu Thatched Cottage in Guangzhou.Wanmu Thatched Cottage mainly lectures on China's academic origins, historical and political evolution for thousands of years, and involves the history and politics of Western countries, as well as sports and music.At the beginning of the establishment of Wanmu Thatched Cottage, Kang Youwei advocated "getting rid of the stereotypes of the predecessors and developing unique new principles".The name of thatched cottage has the meaning of cultivating thousands of trees and cultivating talents for the country.

In March 1891, Kang Youwei wrote "Changxing Xueji" as the school rules of Wanmu Caotang, with "Zhi Ding Tao, based on virtue, relying on benevolence, and practicing art" as the keynote, and taught students morality, intelligence, and physical education. educate.In terms of moral education, Kang Youwei advocated traditional moral cultivation such as strict integrity, prudence in independence, tranquility, cultivation of the mind, inspection of dignity, filial piety to Buddha, advocacy of compassion, and homosexuality. It is encouraging integrity and carrying forward the spirit, so that more citizens can work hard.In terms of intellectual education, Wanmu Cottage offered four courses at that time: the study of righteousness and reason, the study of managing the world, the study of textual criticism and the study of poetry.The study of righteousness and reason includes Confucianism, Buddhism, the studies of Zhou and Qin philosophers, Song and Ming ideology, Taixi philosophy, etc.; the study of world management includes political principles, gains and losses in China's political evolution, gains and losses in political evolution of all countries, and application of political coordination , Qunxue, etc.; the study of textual research, including,} Chinese Confucianism, Historiography, Historiography of All Nations, Geography, Mathematics, Gezhixue, etc.; the study of Ci, including Chinese Ci and foreign languages ​​and philology.Although these courses are still based on traditional academics, they are in sharp contrast with the traditional schools that specialized in stereotyped essays and essays at that time.In terms of physical education, in addition to requiring physical education classes, Kang Youwei combined physical education with etiquette, separated physical education from ritual music, and held military drills and shooting exercises.With the help of his disciples, Kang Youwei edited "Xinxue Apocrypha" and "Confucius's Restructuring", reforming the system on the basis of the ancients, propagating the theory of modern scriptures, and advocating reform and reform.At first, there were less than 20 students, and later it increased to more than 100. A group of famous reform talents were trained, among which Liang Qichao, Mai Menghua, Xu Qin and others became the backbone of the Reform Movement of 1898. In 1894, Kang Youwei went to Beijing to take part in the general examination, and the school journal was suspended. After 1896, there were short-term lectures.Because Wanmu Thatched Cottage clearly put forward the purpose of running the school, and adopted the educational content of both Chinese and Western, it had a great influence on the teaching of the academy at that time.Later, when Liang Qichao gave lectures at the Current Affairs School in Hunan, he basically inherited the school-running spirit of Wanmu Thatched Cottage.

Second, Kang Youwei combined the theory of Western political capitalism with traditional Confucianism to publicize reforms, and wrote "A Test of the New Study of Apocrypha" and "Confucius Reform", which laid the theoretical foundation for the capitalist reformers to carry out reforms. Third, Liang Qichao published "Reform Di Discussion" in "Current Affairs News", pointing out that "the law is the public tool of the world, and the change is the axiom of the world." He pointed out that there are four ways to reform: first, like Japan, self-change; , such as the Turks, others seized their power and changed; third, it was like India, it was merged into one country and changed it; fourth, it was Poland, it was divided into various countries and changed it.For the sake of good or bad, what should we choose between going and going?It advocates learning from Japan, reforming quickly, and avoiding the fate of subjugation like India and Poland.

Fourth, launch the "Public Letters" to develop the Reformation Thought into a political movement for patriotism and national salvation. In 1895, Li Hongzhang and Ito Hirobumi signed the "Treaty of Shimonoseki". After the signing, the emperors of the two countries need to approve it, and the jade seal will be affixed.The news came that Kang Youwei happened to be in Beijing to take part in the general examination, and more than 1,300 people who contacted the provincial general examinations jointly wrote a letter to the emperor. If you don’t eat, you can give it. If you borrow foreign debt and discount the interest, you will not be paid for a hundred years. Ah!" I heard that Japan will pay 200 million yuan in compensation, and we will pay it from top to bottom, from top to bottom, from Lafayette to ordinary people, and only by tightening our belts and not eating for three years.If you borrow money from foreigners and don't know when you can pay it back, it is a dead end.If the 20 million is so cool to spend on your own, why do you pay for it?Therefore, Kang Youwei put forward four propositions: refusing peace, moving the capital, training troops, and reforming the law.

To refuse peace is to refuse to sign the Treaty of Shimonoseki.Kang Youwei proposed to move the capital to Xi'an, which is far away from the sea, where the kings of Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang dynasties prospered.To train soldiers, train 200,000 soldiers, use 200 million taels of silver to train soldiers, buy weapons, and fight to the death with Little Japan.Reform, "Thinking that the present is governing, the world should be governed by the power of creation, not by the power of conservation; the world should be governed by the power of all countries standing side by side, not by the power of unifying the clothes." Kang Youwei quoted the classics and said It said: poverty leads to change, change leads to success.Dong Zhongshu also said that it is reasonable to not adjust the government, or even change it.If the laws of the ancestors cannot be changed, then why didn't the ancestors change the laws of Emperor Taizong?If the old law of Babeile is used to rule the world, then how can I eliminate the dynasty for a long time?The emperor will be able to tell the difference between the people who cut off their ancestors without changing the law, and finally subjugate the country, and the ancestral temple continued through the reform.Kang Youwei used the examples of ancient sages and ancestors to illustrate the rationality of the reform.The emperor cannot see this letter.According to the law of the imperial court, only officials with a fourth grade or above in the capital and local palaces with a grade three or above have the right to submit a book.Otherwise, with so many officials across the country, everyone will give the emperor a discount, and the emperor will not be allowed to vomit blood?In the Qing Dynasty, there were more than 300 officials who had this kind of special power to perform official duties. More than 300 people gave the emperor a copy every day, and the emperor saw more than 300 copies every day.The Tongzheng envoy Si Yamen refused to play on behalf of him, so the emperor did not see it.But as soon as this article was published in the newspaper, Kang and Liang became popular and became the idols of intellectuals. They became famous overnight and became famous all over the world.

Fifth, the establishment of "China and Foreign Chronicles". "China and Foreign Jiwen" is an official publication of the early bourgeois political organizations. It publishes some elegant and useful books, discusses the reasons for the strength and weakness of all countries, and puts forward suggestions on political governance.It has a certain status in the history of modern Chinese politics and news.Later, this publication became an important classical periodical of the reformers. Its predecessor was "Wan Guo Gong Pao", edited by Liang Qichao and Ren Daxie for seven times, and it was the germination of Chinese bourgeois political party newspapers.The publication of the newspaper made officials and intellectuals gradually aware of the benefits of the new law, and created favorable conditions for the establishment of reformist political groups and the further development of the reform movement.

Sixth, establish a strong society.Also known as Qiangxue Bookstore, or Translation Bookstore.There are many people.Yuan Shikai once donated to the Silver People's Association.Emperor Li Hongzao and Weng Tongzuan also supported it.Li Hongzhang also wanted to donate 2,000 silver to the two-person meeting, but because of his bad reputation for signing the "Treaty of Shimonoseki", he refused.Timothy Richard, a British missionary, also joined the Society.After the establishment of the Beijing Strong Society, Kang Youwei immediately went south to Nanjing to lobby Zhang Zhidong, the governor of Liangjiang. In November, the Shanghai Qiang Society was established, and the "Journal of Qiang Xuebao" was published on January 12, 1896. It put forward the political idea of ​​opening the House of Representatives and advocated reform.After the Strong Society, clubs have also been organized in various places, such as the Hubei Quality Society, Guangzhou Sheng Society, Hunan South Society, Guangdong Cantonese Society, Suzhou Su Society, Shaanxi Taste Classics Society, Shanghai No Footbinding Society, Agricultural Society, Translation Society, Mongolian Society Learn to wait.The Strong Society already has the embryonic form of a modern political party.

Seventh, debate with the stubborn feudal forces.The stubborn feudal forces in the debate, including the Westernization faction.The debate mainly revolved around three aspects: whether to reform the law; whether to promote civil rights and implement a constitutional monarchy; whether to promote Western learning and reform the education system.The center is whether to allow the bourgeoisie to participate in the political power and implement a constitutional monarchy instead of an autocratic monarchy.The debate between the reformers and the feudal diehards was a debate between reform and conservatism in modern history, and it was the first confrontation between capitalist and feudal ideology.Some intellectuals began to get rid of the shackles of feudal ideology, which promoted the upsurge of the reform movement.

Eighth, Germany forcibly occupied Jiaozhou Bay, and Kang Youwei once again wrote to Emperor Guangxu to reform quickly.Kang Youwei told the emperor that now it is "the newspaper of all nations, and the discussion is boiling. It is salty to carve up China. If the arrow is on the string, it will be released immediately. The panic in the sea, the rioters are mobilizing to carve up beans, and the buds are gradually emerging, and the sorrow is coming back. Panic, I don't know what to fear. Since then, although the emperor and all the officials want to live in peace, singing and dancing in the lake and mountains will not be available, and they are afraid that the emperor and all the officials will not be able to obtain Chang'an commoners. After the ceding of Taiwan, everyone in the world knows the imperial court. You can't rely on it, people have no firm will, they like to study hard, bribe them and act faintly, riots are at the top, officials in the Jin Dynasty are poor, chaos is at the bottom, chaos is everywhere, there is no pressure from strong neighbors, and it is already excellent Dangerous.” Divide up the bean, at this time the opportunity is gradually emerging, Germany can occupy Jiaozhou Bay, and later France can occupy Guangzhou Bay, Britain can occupy Weimei, Italy wants to rent Sanmen Bay, and China will be divided up. , facing serious foreign aggression.At the same time, the common people are in civil strife and are about to rebel, so facing internal and external troubles, the emperor needs to change quickly.In the letter, Kang Youwei centered on the idea of ​​convening a congress and formulating a constitution, and further put forward three strategies for the reform: upper, middle, and lower.Following the example of Peter the Great and Emperor Meiji, it is the best policy for the emperor to personally preside over the major plans and announce the reform; it is the middle policy to call talented people together to discuss the specific plans and steps of the reform, and to implement them sequentially; it is the worst policy to instruct governors to implement the new policies in each province.At that time, Kang Youwei was selected as a Jinshi, head of the sixth-grade Ministry of Industry, and a small official in Xianya Lengcao. The emperor saw that he was not good enough and did not conform to the rules. Didn't you let me change, how can we change, big change?Little change?So Kang Youwei gave the emperor a "Following the Overall Planning of the Edict", I am ordered by the emperor to give you such a leaflet. Ninth, in 1898, Kang Youwei drafted the "Responsive Edict to Overall Planning", which is the policy program of the bourgeois reformers.In this note, Kang Youwei wrote: "There is no conservative country in the world today that is not divided or subjugated. Poland was overthrown by the people after the land was cut off by others; there was power and profit but was perished Myanmar; there is a land where people are dead, the people are still people, and the country is just a nameless Vietnam; India, which has the right to reap profits and then dies; Turkey and Egypt, which have their own rights and are slowly divided and most ruined. I have nothing today Soldiers, no soldiers, no food, no ships, no armaments. Although it is called a country, land, railways, ships, commerce, and banks can be taken as long as they are ordered by foreigners. Although the country has not subjugated in form, in fact the country has already No more. I can’t bear to say what will happen in the future. Look at all countries in the world, they are self-improving through reform, and they are conservative and subjugated. With your emperor’s wisdom, look at the situation of each country. It will be strong, and small changes will lead to death." Kang Youwei further analyzed, "Today's temples are all conservative officials. It is really difficult to implement reforms." The two bureaus are divided into departments, and the legal bureau, the branch bureau, the school bureau, the agricultural bureau, the industrial bureau, the commercial bureau, and the railway bureau are set up.Post Office, Bureau of Mines.Tournament Bureau, Army Bureau, Navy Bureau.Kang Youwei's formulation of institutional settings refreshed the old China.Kang Youwei's analysis of the current situation shows that the little Emperor Guangxu is very scared, which makes sense when he thinks about it.Lao Kang's words entered the emperor's heart. Tenth, the establishment of the National Security Council with the nature of a bourgeois political party. On April 12, 1898, the Bulgarian National Assembly was established in Beijing, and the "Bulgarian National Assembly Constitution" was drafted with 30 articles. The Kaiser Society aims to "preserve the country" and "protect the country", "preserve the species" and "protect the religion", and emphasizes political reform, diplomacy, and economics to assist the government in governing the country.It is stipulated to set up general meetings in Beijing and Shanghai, and branch offices in various provinces, prefectures, and counties.A total of three meetings were held, aiming to gather strategies, wisdom, and strength, work hard to save the nation, and promote the reform movement.Then, Baodian Association, Baozhe Association, and Baochuan Association were organized one after another.The establishment of the National Security Council intensified the struggle between the diehards and the reformers.The die-hards scolded Kang Youwei for being more trustworthy and reckless, so he must beheaded, attacking the Baoguo to protect China but not the Qing Dynasty.Emperor Guangxu supported Kang Youwei, so although the National Security Council was robbed repeatedly, it was not banned. Kang Youwei's reformation ideology was a powerful stimulus to the Chinese intellectual circles. In June 1898, Emperor Guangxu promulgated the "Dingguo Shizhao" and started the reform, known as the "Hundred Days Reform" in history. "National affairs" refers to the country's major plans, the country's guidelines, theoretical basis, and policies. "Dingguo is a marsh" is the reform program promulgated by Emperor Guangxu. The imperial edict stated that, for several years, China and foreign countries have been enlightened, paid attention to current affairs, and advocated reform and self-improvement.What I said in the imperial edict today, the opening of special departments, laying off redundant soldiers, changing the martial arts system, setting up colleges, and schools, were all approved after repeated reviews, and they were planned to be implemented only after they felt mature, but this has never happened before. It's new, and the reviews for it are sure to be mixed.Some people are old and worried about the country, thinking that they must stick to the rules and follow the rules, and new laws must be discarded.May I ask that today's current situation is like this, and the state of the country is in this state. If you still use untrained soldiers, limited money, and people without practical knowledge, under the circumstances of obvious strength and weakness, and the disparity between rich and poor, you can fight against the strong ships of the barbarians. Cannon?If the country's plans are uncertain, orders will not work, and the final result will definitely be family disputes. Getting along is like fire and water. Following the old ways of the Song and Ming dynasties will not improve the situation at all.In the end, the emperor gave high hopes to all the ministers, and hoped that all the princes and ministers would work hard, strive for strength, use the knowledge of sages and sages to plant their roots, learn more from the West and be more pragmatic, and change the abuse of empty talk.Concentrate on, keep improving, don't just learn superficially, talk big words, turn useless into useful, so as to become a talent for economic change. The imperial edict is meaningless, and the ceremony for promulgating the imperial edict is very solemn, which is called the opening of the imperial edict issued by the golden phoenix in history.During the edict issuing ceremony, the Ministry of Industry 2.It is necessary to set up a Xuanzhao platform with a yellow case in advance at the crenel in the middle of Tiananmen Square, and prepare the "Golden Phoenix Cloud", which is a wooden carved phoenix painted golden yellow and a wooden plate carved into a cloud shape.The officials who received the edict and the officials who read the edict were well-dressed and waited there.The imperial edict was placed on the yellow case of the Hall of Supreme Harmony. After the emperor sealed the imperial seal, after a set of cumbersome etiquette, the Minister of Rites took over the edict with a cloud disk, took out the Hall of Supreme Harmony, and placed it in the Dragon Pavilion outside the Meridian Gate. , Then, under the guidance of drums and ceremonies, he picked it up on the Tiananmen Gate Tower, and then put the imperial edict on the yellow case on Yizhaotai.Yizhao officials stood on the stage facing west and read out the imperial edict.At this time, I saw the south of Jinshui Bridge under Tiananmen Square.The civil and military officials and the provincial elders faced north in sequence according to their official positions, kneeling three times and kowtowing nine times. After reading the imperial edict, the imperial edict rolls up the imperial edict and puts it in the mouth of the woodcarving Jinfeng, and then hangs the golden phoenix with colorful ropes and lowers it slowly from the middle of the Tiananmen crenel.Under the city tower, officials from the Ministry of Rites had long been waiting there holding a cloud-like plate in both hands. In this way, the imperial edict in Jinfeng's mouth fell on the cloud plate. After receiving the imperial edict, the imperial edict still had to be put back in the Dragon Pavilion in front of Tiananmen Square, and then it was carried out of the Daqing Gate and sent to the yamen of the Ministry of Rites, led by the yellow umbrella cover, guard of honor, and drum music.At this time, the Minister of the Ministry of Rites had already walked quickly from the left gate of Chang'an back to the gate of the Government Office of the Ministry of Rites and knelt down to greet the edict, placed the edict respectfully in the lobby, and kowtowed three times and kowtowed nine times.Afterwards, several copies were written on yellow paper, distributed to various places, and proclaimed to the world.The promulgation of the Daoxu Book marked the beginning of the Reform Movement of 1898. The government allowed officials and the people to submit letters to speak out, cut redundant staff, and abolished the privileges of bannermen.It is a good thing for the officials and the people to write a letter to say something. The emperor relied on more than 300 people to report the outside situation to him, and he basically had a black eye.Emperor Guangxu was not a mediocre emperor and a dark lord, even if he was a little timid and cowardly, he could be regarded as a young man with precocious wisdom and a good education.As a result, what kind of appearance did he make? The emperor usually eats six eggs a day, and an egg costs three to five copper coins. As a result, the Ministry of Internal Affairs reimbursed him for 26 taels of silver. If you eat six a day, it is 156 taels of silver. 26 taels of silver, more than 2,000 copper coins are one tael of silver, one tael is multiplied by 2000, and then divided by three or five, how many eggs can you buy?The egg was broken so that the emperor could swim in it.The emperor ate so many eggs a day, but he didn't even know how much each egg cost.His master Weng Tongjie gave him a lesson, and the emperor said: "Master Weng, this egg is very delicious, and it is a little more expensive. Can your family afford it?" Weng Tongjie naturally knew that the eunuch was playing tricks, so he couldn't tell the truth, "We The family couldn't afford it, so I set up an egg model to worship my ancestors. As a result, something happened when the emperor summoned officials from other provinces. The officials from other provinces went in without knowing it. Okay, "Qing got up so early to go to court, did you have breakfast? "Eat hall", "What did you eat earlier?" "The minister's family is poor, and there are only three eggs." " The emperor was dizzy when he heard it, how much money do you earn in a month, you dare to eat three eggs, and you have an early meal, more than 70 taels of silver, you did it.However, this official may have been in Beijing officials before. Seeing the changes in the faces of the eunuchs around him, he stared at him fiercely, and realized that the eunuchs were causing trouble, so he said, Your Majesty, what you ate was the pollution-free eggs from the supermarket. This is the morning market. Rotten eggs, cheap.The emperor said that this is the case, the emperor can't eat rotten eggs. It is a good thing that officials and the people are allowed to write letters to speak out, and the sufferings of the people will be absorbed into the eyes of the people.It is also a good thing to cancel idle institutions, reduce redundant staff, and abolish the privileges of bannermen, but the problem is that quite a few people will fight with you.Japan's Ming Dynasty reform is not to reduce people but to increase people. The original local daimyo will let you be the feudal lord at this time, but don't hold the real power. All the benefits will remain the same. The samurai's body and salary are funded by the state. You must at least let him live , The standard of living is still a little better than before, just like Song Taizu drinking wine to release his military power, you have to have a redemption policy.The Reform Movement of 1898 was good, you will be laid off from tomorrow.I know nothing but being an official. If you let me be laid off, what do I do if I don’t fight with you? 2 Banner people should not be parasitic, the problem is that the banner people are the foundation of the big fight. If you don’t give him money and food, you will go to the Summer Palace to find the Queen Mother. To uphold justice, you have done too much "left" in this matter. In terms of economy, protect agriculture, industry and commerce, prepare budgets and final accounts, and set up post offices. In terms of military affairs, he changed to foreign exercises.Western gymnastics is not radio gymnastics, it is the practice of foreigners.You have to advance in battle, don't carry foreign guns in the gossip array, and use them.Zhuge Wuhou passed it down, Zhuge Liuhou is useless, it will be destroyed in one shot, you should crawl forward, crawl forward, and then walk one by one.You have to practice the foreigner's drill method in this way.Isn't there something wrong with every soldier carrying a flag on his back? Are you afraid that people won't find you? In terms of culture and education, the Imperial University Hall was established, and primary and secondary schools were established in various places.Abolishing stereotyped essays and reforming test strategy theory is a serious matter. Scholars have spent ten years preparing for the exam. When they are about to take the exam, you inform me that Confucius and Mencius have changed the exam to atomic electronics. I will fight with you.Who will that?The measures of reform have set up many oppositions for themselves, whether it is good or not, it is too hasty. The reform was supported by the national bourgeoisie, enlightened landlords, and patriotic intellectuals, but these people were very few in China.After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, Yan Fu, a representative of the reform movement, said that there is a 1000:1 ratio between conservatives and reformers in China. Maybe this ratio is more than that, and the reform will definitely fail. Emperor Guangxu supported the reform. On the one hand, he was unwilling to be the king of subjugation, and on the other hand, he wanted to take power back from Cixi.Cixi was a 26-year-old widow and had been in power for 48 years. She was psychopathic, and it was power that accompanied her to pass the long years.Cixi was good at playing power tricks. In 1861, when the bones of Emperor Xianfeng were still cold, Cixi joined forces with Prince Gong Yisu to launch the Xinyou Coup, removed eight ministers who had ordered orders, and announced that they would listen to the government behind the curtain. In 1873, Emperor Tongzhi decreed to rebuild the Old Summer Palace. In the second year, the project was fully rolled out. Both internal and external officials thought it was a waste of money and people, and Prince Gong repeatedly advised to stop it.Emperor Tongzhi was furious, and he lowered Prince Gong to be the king of the county and removed all his posts.The next day, Cixi came forward and gave back all the titles to Prince Gong. Since then, Prince Gong has been more obedient to Cixi. Cixi's own son, Emperor Tongzhi, was forced to death by her words, and the empress, who was four months pregnant, was abused and committed suicide by her sneering words.Theoretically, a generation lower than the Tongzhi emperor should inherit the great rule. In this way, Cixi was promoted to the empress dowager and could not listen to politics behind the curtain.So she insisted on making Zai Tian, ​​who was only 4 years old at the time, the emperor, that is, Guangxu.Guangxu's character is cowardly, but he is talented and well-educated. He always wanted to get rid of the situation of being controlled by others, but he was unable to get rid of it. Please invite the Lord Chongling of the dynasty to succeed to the throne. He should have married at the age of 19. The ancestors and the ancestors were like this. The ancestor Kangxi was married at the age of 14. After Oboi was removed, the marriage means that he has grown up.However, Emperor Guangxu refused to allow a big marriage at the age of 19. In fact, Cixi was unwilling to delegate power.There was a lot of discussion among the ministers, but Cixi didn't give up, so she had to order Guangxu to get married, and then she withdrew the curtain and returned to power.So all the Eight Banners show girls came to participate in the draft. After the preliminary round, the semi-finals, and the final, the five girls who made it to the final were Yehenala, the daughter of Cixi's younger brother Guiyang, the two daughters of Jiangxi governor Dexin, and the minister Changxu. The two daughters of the Queen Mother are waiting for the interview with the emperor in the Hall of Tihe. Whoever the emperor hands the jade wishful to is the queen, the one who gives the purse is the funeral concubine, and the one who gives 50 taels of silver is reimbursed for the round-trip air ticket and leaves.The Empress Dowager said: "Whoever is the emperor is eligible to be selected, you will judge it yourself, and the one who agrees will be granted what you want." The Emperor replied: "This important matter should be in the hands of the emperor's father, and the sons and ministers cannot be autonomous." He took a fancy to the eldest daughter of Governor De Shi, and ran towards the lover of his dreams with Yu Ruyi. Walking halfway, the emperor shouted loudly behind his head, and the emperor looked back. The queen mother was full of anger and nuzui at Dutong Guiyang's daughter. Dutong Guiyang was Cixi's younger brother, Guangxu's uncle, and his daughter was Guangxu's cousin Three years older than Guangxu.Cixi shouted at Yehenara, give it to her! Guangxu was very reluctant to hand over Yu Ruyi to his cousin. This was the later Empress Longyu. Emperor is also 3 years older.From Guangxu's point of view, it is a little unacceptable for my cousin to be his wife, and Longyu's appearance is unsatisfactory, so it is reasonable not to choose her as the queen.But Longyu was appointed by Cixi, and Guangxu was unwilling and dared not go against the Queen Mother's decree.On the night of the wedding, Guangxu went back to the Hall of Mental Cultivation by himself, and threw the Queen to Kunning Palace. Cixi had her own wishful thinking in making her niece a queen.First of all, the emperor's concubines, especially the empress, have the closest relationship with the emperor and have a special influence on the emperor's thoughts.Establishing one's own niece as a queen to increase her marriage, and doing so is tantamount to placing the most loyal and reliable eyes and ears and spies around Guangxu.Secondly, Tongzhi's failure after the election taught her a lot.Cixi had conflicts with the Tongzhi empress Arut, and even caused discord between mother and child. Cixi was naturally unwilling to let history repeat itself. After marriage, the Empress Dowager Cixi went to the Summer Palace to operate behind the scenes. Guangxu had been brooding about the reform, and it was inappropriate not to greet the Empress Dowager, so he went to find the Empress Dowager.The Empress Dowager has long heard that Guangxu is obsessed with new ideas. The old Empress Dowager can hold her breath. As long as the Qing Dynasty's national name is not changed and the braids are not cut, I don't care about you, just change.Guangxu changed stupidly, and this change offended everyone below.Dozens of officials from the six ministries kneeled in groups at the Summer Palace to ask the Queen Mother to come out. As soon as the Queen Mother came out, Guangxu would have nothing to do. It is said that before the emperor was imprisoned, several secret orders asked Kang Youwei and others to rescue him. Tan Sitong's wisdom flashed and he went to find Yuan Shikai.Why are you looking for Yuan Shikai?In the early days of the reform, Yuan Shikai was training the new army, showing great enthusiasm for the reform, and even praised Emperor Guangxu's stinky feet, defrauding the trust of the reformers and the little emperor.The reformers are fighting to the death every day, trying to win Ai Shikai's new army to fight Lafayette for the last time.Let us know who is Yuan Shikai, we sold him without hesitation, because you asked me to do something to me, put me in, you let me 7000 new army to fight Beijing, kill back to the Summer Palace, kill Empress Dowager, I can figure out with my fingers whether the empress dowager or the emperor has thicker legs. I am doing this, just kidding. I absolutely can't do it, and none of us would do it, so this group of people are scholars who are wronging the country.Empress Dowager Cixi said later, why didn't Kang Youwei find me if he had to find a way, who has the right.The Empress Dowager has the right to you to find the emperor, about the matter of the mother and son, you say you, and others with two surnames stir up this muddy water, why do you go?After it was over, you went to Yuan Shikai again, and Yuan Shikai sold them without hesitation. When the queen mother heard about this, she succeeded.A hundred days after the reform and reform, all the officials came to court. On the throne was the angry old queen, and the emperor sat on the side of the pony.The Empress Dowager said you see that I am already old, in my sixties, and I don't intend to interfere in the government affairs. The emperor made a disturbance, which is outrageous. A group of old officials persuaded me to put Jiangshan Society as the most important thing, so I had no choice but to come out.Later, Empress Dowager Cixi imprisoned Emperor Guangxu in Yingtai, Zhongnanhai, and killed Tan Sitong and six others.The old queen mother is still a cultural person after all, she kept the Imperial University Hall, and the rest were abolished. Yingtai is an island surrounded by water and has a suspension bridge. During the Republic of China, a stone bridge was built.Every day when the court was in court, the suspension bridge was lowered, or the eunuchs rowed a boat to bring the emperor to the shore, carried him to the Hall of Mental Cultivation, and put him on the throne without saying a word. The emperor stood up quickly, and his father had the final say.Guangxu was in Paitai, and Dai Huangguan was a prisoner for ten years. That island was the highest-level political prison in China at that time.The queen said that I will take care of you, live on this island, and monitor his every move.For ten years, apart from going to Xi'an with the Empress Dowager, when the Eight-Power Allied Forces came, it was impossible to escape.The rest is on that island, take a look, the more you look, the more depressed you become.Then exercise, shoot arrows, draw a big bastard on the target, and write Yuan Shikai on it. After the old lady cleaned up Guangxu, she went on to clean up a group of people who encouraged the reform.Tan Sitong could run away if he wanted to, but he said generously: Calling for reforms in various countries is always the result of bloodshed. Today, no one in China sheds blood for reforms.I want to wake up the people of the country with the blood on my neck, and tell Liang Qichao: "If you don't pay the dead, you can't reward the Lord, and if you don't walk, you can't plan for the future." You said it is easy to pay the Lord with one death, or escape to another place and make a comeback in the future? , Of course, it's easier for you than for me. I will reward the Lord with my death, and the blood on my neck will awaken the people of the country.But can Chinese people be moved by your blood?joke.You were hacked with a single knife, as Lu Xun said well, eat steamed buns dipped in blood, I don’t care why you died, your blood can cure diseases, this is a typical Chinese.If you look at all the historical photos left behind, when the murder was done, the common people watching were all in high spirits, it was fun. Why do you want to kill people at Caishikou? It's bustling, busy, common people have fun, take a seat, buy me popcorn and I'll take a seat for you, how fun this is.It is impossible for you to want your own death to touch others, so it is almost useless to die. The Six Gentlemen of 1898 who died tragically at Caishikou, four fourth-rank officials, one sixth-rank official, and one ordinary citizen, Kang Youwei's younger brother, Kang Guangren, was an ordinary citizen. His brother ran away, so he was killed.The unspoken rule of the Qing Dynasty was that when killing officials, the bigger the official, the blunter the knife, and the head would fall off after several cuts. This is called a saw head.As a result, the supervisor and executioner was a diehard, and the Secretary of the Ministry of Punishment was resolute.Alright, let these few people enjoy first-rank official treatment and chop with blunt knives.The six gentlemen were unyielding in the face of difficulties, and generously died.Scholars know why they died, and they usually talk about love with their hands, and report to the king when they die.I know why I died, I can hold on even if my skin is broken, I have this belief.This is different from me doing what I want to eat just to have a full meal.