Chapter 24 1. Show some beautiful articles

Few of the great powers supported Yuan Shikai's proclaiming himself emperor. Yuan Shikai printed a calendar and sent it to embassies of various countries. The calendar said that the first year of Hongxian of the Chinese Empire was written on the calendar.In particular, Japan was most opposed to Yuan Shikai's proclaiming emperor, because Japan believed that China would be unified once Yuan Shikai proclaimed emperor, and China's unification would be detrimental to Japan, and he hoped that China would be noisy.The chaotic situation in China's politics forced advanced intellectuals to speed up their pace to find a new way out.The short-term development of the capitalist economy, the Western Enlightenment thought was further introduced to China, and the idea of ​​democracy and republic after the Revolution of 1911 was deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.In order to resist and fight against the idea of ​​a democratic republic, Yuan Shikai set off a revival movement of reverence for Confucianism.

After 1913, Yuan Shikai successively issued the Order of Respecting Confucius and the Order of Worshiping Confucius, and organized the first official memorial ceremony for Confucius in the Republic of China.Yuan Shikai is a rough man, but he also knows that in order to stabilize the old order shaken by the revolution and consolidate the dictatorship, it is not enough to rely on terror alone, and he must do his best to make people no longer believe in the revolution.He wanted to fight against the theory of democracy, drive away this scourge, and eliminate the ideological roots of social turmoil. Yuan Shikai deliberately tried to restrain the trend of the times. The weapon he used was the improved Confucius and Mencius.

Yuan Shikai admired the four characteristics of loyalty, filial piety, righteousness, and righteousness as the characteristics of the Chinese nation and the spirit of founding the country.He also personally went to the Confucius Temple to worship. According to the reporter at the time, it was completely a replica of bringing the emperor to respect Confucius to worship the sky. Yuan Shikai knelt down three times and kowtowed nine times from the beginning to the end.Taking this opportunity, many survivors, old and young, sang praises for Yuan Shikai's restoration of the monarchy.Yuan Shikai himself acted "following the sky" confidently.

After Yuan Shikai's death, Li Yuanhong became president and Duan Qirui became prime minister.Uncle Li is a native of Hubei. He participated in the Beiyang Navy's battle against Japan. He visited Japan many times and returned to Hubei with Zhang Zhidong to participate in the training of the new army.At that time, Li Yuanhong hated the revolution in every possible way, and kept trying to eliminate the nearby revolutionary activities and kill the revolutionaries.After the Wuchang Uprising, the revolutionary situation took a sharp turn for the worse. Li Yuanhong hid, but was finally found by the revolutionaries.The revolutionaries are looking for a leader who is well-known at home and abroad to be the leader, and Li Yuanhong happens to be the candidate they are looking for.Shocked by the results of the revolution and threatened with execution if he did not cooperate, Li Yuanhong became governor of Hubei.He later served in the Nanjing government.When Li Yuanhong became president, just as the First World War broke out, the United States asked China to join the war.Both Japan and the United States hope to control China by manipulating China's participation in the war. Japan tried its best to win over Duan Qirui, and the United States supported Li Yuanhong.Duan Qirui even restored the monarchy through Zhang Xun in order to achieve his goal of taking power.But retro is just a countercurrent, unable to stop the call for innovation, Zhang Xun's restoration soon died, Sun Yat-sen regarded the congressional contract as the true meaning of the republic, and raised the banner of the Law Protection Movement 01. [Picture Note 4-50]

Since China was opened by Western powers, it has passively experienced the severe pain caused by the impact.During the period of Haiphong, Wei Yuan started his work, and Xu Jiyu accepted the source of new knowledge and advocated the study of geography.During the period of Westernization, learning Western technology and training troops was the first priority, and later the theory of Westernization became the theory of current affairs.During the Restoration period, innovations shifted from super painful to popular publicity among the people, and everyone felt the need for reforms.But treating the symptoms is not the root cause.The Three People's Principles, a collection of the culmination of Chinese culture and world thoughts, catch up with scientism and advocate psychological construction for the nation.The New Culture Movement advocated total Westernization, introduced Western literature, art, philosophy and economy, and understood Western culture, but did not have a clear understanding of Chinese society. [Picture Note 4-51]

With the development of national capital and further industrialization, learn from others first, technology. As a result, the World War I of Sino-Japanese War proved that optical technology was not easy to use. The same foreign guns and fast guns, and the same armored warships were no match for Little Japan, so he began to learn the system.The problem with the academic system is even bigger. Whether it is a constitutional monarchy or a democratic republic, how can such a good system change when it is brought to China? Every country that implements a constitutional monarchy does it. China has a pre-constitutional royal cabinet, and the president comes down. A president was appointed by me, and then the Chinese began to think that it is the Chinese people's thinking that should be completely changed. [Picture Note 4-52]

In 1915, Chen Duxiu founded "New Youth" in Shanghai, marking the rise of the New Culture Movement.Contrary to Yuan Shikai's old-fashioned thoughts, Western democratic and scientific thoughts are the guiding ideology of the New Culture Movement.Peking University, where Mr. Cai Yuanpei was the president, was the main activity base of the New Culture Movement. The Imperial University, founded in 1898, was not abolished by the Empress Dowager Cixi after the Reformation. After the founding of the Republic of China in 1912, the Imperial University was renamed National Peking University.The teachers are all Juren, Jinshi or Hanlin in the former Qing Dynasty. The main purpose of teaching in class is to be an official. The purpose of students studying is to become an official.At that time, Peking University was similar to Yamen. There was a particularly famous professor at Peking University, Mr. Gu Hongming, who was proficient in nine languages, and he was a legend in itself.Mr. Gu is an overseas Chinese who was born in Nanyang and went to school in the West. His wife is Japanese. She served as Zhang Zhidong's mother for many years, and she was loyal to the Qing court all her life. She never cut her braid until the Republic of China.He himself talks about himself: born in Nanyang, studied in the West, married in the East, and served in Beiyang.Mr. Gu believes that taking concubines and footbinding are the quintessence of China.When he saw the British, he cursed in English, when he saw the French, he cursed in French, and when he saw the Germans, he cursed in German.

Later, Mr. Cai Yuanpei came to Peking University as the president. Mr. Cai Yuanpei was a Jinshi in the Qing Dynasty and entered the Hanlin Academy. He was also the first member of the Tongmenghui. He is not inferior to others, and he is also a veteran of the revolution who overthrew the Manchu Qing Dynasty. As soon as the Nanjing Provisional Government was established in 1912, Mr. Cai was the director of education. Mr. Cai went to Peking University as the principal. To reform Peking University, you can talk about anything. As long as someone listens, there will be a classroom.In this way, Peking University's position was taken back from the hands of the former Qing Dynasty veterans, and it became the base of the New Culture Movement.

Before Cai Yuanpei became the president of Peking University, most of the school affairs meetings were English-speaking. It is expected that all the academic affairs meetings would be English-speaking.After Mr. Cai Yuanpei arrived at Peking University, all speeches in the Academic Affairs Council were changed to Chinese.Foreign professors objected, and Cai Yuanpei replied in a contentious manner: If I teach in a university in your country, is it because I am Chinese that you speak Chinese in meetings.Since then, all speeches at the conference will be in Mandarin.Peking University during Cai Yuanpei's tenure as president can be described as "freedom of thought and inclusiveness".

The New Culture Movement advocated against autocracy and science against ignorance.The New Culture Movement opposes ignorance, and the only soil that creates autocracy with delicious food. Qin Shihuang taught the law and officials as teachers, and implemented a policy of ignoring the people, because the more knowledge Qin Shihuang knew, the more reactionary he became.The New Culture Movement advocated new morality and opposed the old morality. The old morality refers to the traditional Confucian morality represented by Confucius. Confucius is so pitiful. With tens of thousands of feet, you will never be able to turn over. [Picture Note 4-53]

"In the history of Chinese thought, 1898 and 1919 are generally regarded as two watersheds that broke with Confucian cultural values. The reform movement in 1898 was an attempt by some senior intellectuals close to the emperor to reform the system. In 1919 The radical 'new culture' ideological movement marked by the May 4th Movement in 1999 was also seen as an attack on traditional morality and social order. The leadership of the latter movement came from China's newly modernized universities and middle schools. In addition to opposing imperial In addition to doctrine, its purpose is to establish a new culture of science and democracy that has cleared the legacy of feudalism in China. This generation of Chinese intellectuals has clearly shifted from doubting the core of traditional values ​​to completely denying it. 02” [Figure Note 4-54] During the New Culture Movement, new literature was advocated against old literature. Hu Shi published "Suggestions on Literary Improvement", and Chen Duxiu published "On Literary Revolution".Hu Shi advocated replacing classical Chinese with vernacular Chinese.In ancient China, there were many illiterates, and many ordinary people could not read books because of the inconsistency of language and culture, and the culture was monopolized by a few people.In fact, our ancestors were very smart. If we write things in vernacular, the spoken language will change a lot. Later generations may not be able to understand what the predecessors wrote, and the cultural inheritance will be broken.A lot of what is said in the TV series "The Last Prince" is old Beijing dialect, so I don't understand some things.Therefore, the ancestors invented writing articles in classical Chinese and using vernacular for daily communication, so that the articles have been passed down for thousands of years and can be understood by all dynasties. Zhu Yuanzhang's imperial decree was written in Dabai language, full of slang and common sayings at that time, and very colloquial, making it interesting to read.Because he is uneducated, or he deliberately wrote vernacular to the common people, this imperial decree is Zhu Yuanzhang’s instruction on checking and registering the household registration issued by Zhu Yuanzhang: “Say that the household officials know that the world is peaceful now, but the instructions on household registration do not understand. .Teach Zhongshu Province to set up the survey and collection of household registration in the world, and you will publish the list for each (their) household, and teach those who have officials to attach their names to the people under their control, and write the population of their families. How much, it is really written, and it is a household post with the common people, and the half-print is used to check and match. Those who are compared are good people. If they are not comparable, they will be used as an army. There were officials who executed it. The common people avoided it by themselves, and charged their crimes according to the law, and used it as an army. I respect this.” This interesting imperial decree seems to have been written by Zhu Yuanzhang himself.If you let the officials around you do the drafting, it will definitely be polite, and it will not be so straightforward. As soon as the imperial decree was read, the common people were all happy. The emperor said the same thing as us.The notes written by the ancients are mostly in vernacular. Emperor Daoguang summoned me, and after finishing the business, I chatted with the emperor. After chatting for a long time, I wrote down what the emperor said: When will you enter the palace?How many children do you have?When not on errand?That is, we now talk about going to work and not going to work, so the ancient Chinese's language is inconsistent. Mr. Hu Shi believes that the language and writing should be consistent. To what extent is Mr. Hu good? He himself is a doctor of philosophy, and he has received 35 honorary doctorates in his life.The time span is from the 24th year of the Republic of China (1935) to 1959.Divided by discipline: 24 in law, 9 in literature, 1 in humanities, and 1 in unknown discipline; divided by country and region: 31 in the United States, 2 in Canada, 1 in the UK, and 1 in Hong Kong.Although many of Mr. Hu’s doctorates are honorary awards, you have to understand that the honorary doctorate is higher than what you actually got. You didn’t study with me, so I will give you a doctorate, which proves that I think you are qualified. .So you see that Cambridge University awarded Jin Yong an honorary doctorate, and then Jin Yong was still studying for a doctorate there. Some people are very strange: you are an honorary doctorate at Cambridge, what else do you study?Mr. Hu is such a great person, he went to Peking University to tell the college students that we were going to write vernacular articles, and the college students were very disgusted. College students in the Republic of China were quite powerful.At that time, you were considered an intellectual after graduating from junior high school. After graduating from elementary school, you could support yourself by writing letters and testing characters on the street.Mr. Hu went to the university to teach and write vernacular Chinese, and the students at the bottom raised their hands. The vernacular is long-winded, and telegrams cost money.When the telegram was first introduced to China, one word was one tael of silver. This classical Chinese version had four words, "Mother's death, return quickly." The vernacular was long-winded, "Mr. Hu, your mother is dead, hurry back." Angry, he smiled slightly, and said that now, someone invites you to go out to become an official, but you don't want to go, you use classical Chinese, I use vernacular, let's see who is short.This group of students began to draft in classical Chinese. The longest one wrote more than 40 characters, and the shortest one wrote eight characters: "I don't have much talent, I don't know much about it. It's embarrassing to be responsible."If you don't speak politely, two words will be over: don't do it.One word: no!That's it. Human nature is complicated. It is said that in 1921, after installing the first telephone in the deep palace, Puyi once called Hu Shi and asked him to come to the palace for a walk.Hu Shi went to the palace to meet with Puyi within a few days.Hu Shi's trip caused an uproar in the society.Many people therefore accused Hu Shi, as a representative of the New Culture Movement, that he should not have met the abolished last emperor.But Hu Shi believed that he was not meeting a former emperor, but just a poor young man.In fact, Hu Shi couldn't help being excited.On the night after Hu Shi met Puyi, he wrote a letter to Puyi's English teacher: "I have to admit, I am very touched by this summoning. In front of him, occupy a place." It is hard to imagine what kind of dialogue will happen between Mr. Hu Shi and Pu Yi, who is both the last emperor and a poor young man. By 1922, the Beiyang government ordered primary and secondary school textbooks to start using vernacular Chinese, which had a serious consequence that it is very difficult for us to read ancient books today.In the late period of the New Culture Movement, Bolshevism triumphed, and Comrade Li Dazhao raised the banner of socialism for the first time, thus ending the history of the old democratic revolution and entering the period of the new democratic revolution.