Chapter 21 4. Changing the king's flag at the head of the city

In 1911, Sun Yat-sen, who was in exile, returned to the motherland after an absence of 16 years. Representatives from various provinces elected Sun Yat-sen as the interim president of the Republic of China. On January 1, 1912, Sun Yat-sen took office in Nanjing and announced the establishment of the Republic of China. Sun Yat-sen said in the presidential oath: "To overthrow the Manchu Qing autocratic government, to consolidate the Republic of China, and to seek the happiness of the people's livelihood. Be loyal to the country and serve the country first. After the autocratic government has fallen, there will be no chaos in the country, and the Republic of China will stand out in the world and be recognized by all nations. Si Wen should be relieved of the post of interim president, and I swear to the people.” This is true. A revolutionary, the revolution is not for me.Therefore, in the modern history of mankind, needless to say, the ancient autocratic era, since the birth of the democratic period, there have been only a handful of truly great statesmen, very few, such as General Washington of the United States, Mr. Sun Yat-sen of China, and General Charles de Gault of France. Not successful.Sun Yat-sen retired after serving the people until the country was established. This is by no means a weak compromise.

The five-color flag of the Republic of China was designated as the national flag, and red, yellow, blue, white, and black symbolize the republic of the Han, Manchu, Mongolian, Hui, and Tibetan ethnic groups. The capital was Nanjing, and the era of the Republic of China. The nature of the Nanjing Provisional Government was a government dominated by the bourgeoisie. In order to win the support of imperialism, the Nanjing Provisional Government recognized all unequal treaties signed by the Qing government and foreign countries.So why did the Boxer indemnity last until 1936, because the government of the Republic of China recognized these treaties. After the national government established its capital in Nanjing in 1928, it negotiated with the foreign powers to revise the new treaty, but without success.This treaty is unequal and unreasonable, but it is legal and can be resolved through negotiations.When your national power is strong, you talk with it, including the Sino-British issue, all of which come back.Macau and Hong Kong have talked about it. War is easy, but this is an era of peace. Don't use force. If you want peace, people will talk about it.The Qing government signed contracts with foreigners on behalf of China at that time, and China could not recognize the unequal treaties at that time.

Sun Yat-sen promulgated the "Provisional Constitution" formulated by the Senate, stipulating that sovereignty rests with the people, all nationalities in the country are equal, and a responsible cabinet system is implemented.Citizens enjoy freedom of person, residence, property, speech, publication, association, and religious belief.Established a political system with separation of executive, legislative and judicial powers, with supervision and checks and balances between the three powers.Power will bring corruption, and absolute unrestricted power will bring absolute corruption, so the political system of separation of powers was the best at that time.

China loves to fight and fight in the nest, and the result of implementing the responsible cabinet system is the separation of legislative and executive powers.The leader of the party with the majority in parliament serves as the prime minister of the government.Therefore, countries with a responsible cabinet system are generally relatively stable. You can see that the prime minister of the United Kingdom has been in office for more than ten years, and it will be relatively stable.Of course, Japan is an exception. The prime minister changes back and forth, but there is no chaos. Basically, the Liberal Democratic Party controls the Congress, and different factions within the Liberal Democratic Party struggle.Of course, the Revolutionary Party's main purpose in doing this is to restrict Yuan Shikai. Aren't you a pretty big president?Let you be, but you don't hold the real power, the real power is in the hands of the Prime Minister.The revolutionaries attempted to use the "Provisional Constitution" to limit Yuan Shikai's dictatorship and maintain the republican system.This idea is too naive, Yuan Shikai is old and cunning, and there is nothing he can do about it.Yuan Shikai, who wanted to be "Washington", watched Sun Yat-sen become president, and the Beiyang Army immediately showed color to the provisional government and asked his men to fight in various places.Sun Yat-sen went to the front to inspect the officers and soldiers. The soldiers of the Revolutionary Army wore ragged clothes and barefoot straw sandals. In the severe winter, the winter in the south was rainy and rainy. With barefoot straw sandals, the soldiers' feet were swollen like steamed buns, and they could not fight.

After the Nanjing Provisional Government was established, the imperialists threatened it militarily, isolated it diplomatically, and imposed an economic blockade to help Yuan Shikai.Some constitutionalists and old bureaucrats in the revolutionary regime also attacked, and Sun Yat-sen was forced to compromise.Sun Yat-sen told Yuan Shikai: "If the Qing Dynasty abdicates and declares a republic, the provisional government will never break its promise and immediately officially announce its dismissal. With merit and ability, Aishi is the first to be promoted." If the Qing emperor abdicates, the president's The position is given to you.In order to prevent Yuan Shikai from becoming a dictator, Sun Yat-sen put forward three conditions in his resignation speech. He set his capital in Nanjing.Yuan Shikai agreed to this.

After receiving Sun Yat-sen's guarantee, Yuan Shikai exerted pressure, and more than 40 Beiyang generals wrote to the imperial court to establish a republic, otherwise the overall situation would be out of control.Then Yuan Shikai said that the government of the Republic of China gave preferential treatment to the Qing emperor. The emperor could still live in the Forbidden City and protect his private property. He was given 4 million taels of silver for living expenses every year, and everything in the palace was protected.In the second year of the Republic of China (1913), the Empress Dowager Longyu passed away. The whole country mourned.Where can you find such preferential conditions? You still haven't abdicated. The emperor was only six years old at that time, so he didn't know anything.Later, Puyi recalled that there was a big fat man who once ran to the palace to meet the queen mother, who cried until her eyes were red and her nose was swollen. Not long after, the queen mother decreed to abdicate.

Looking at the abdication edict, the emperor said why did he abdicate? "Nowadays, the people of the whole country tend to be republican. The provinces in the south and central regions are the first to advocate, and the generals in the north are also in the rear. The fate of the people can be known. I can bear the honor of one surname and help the likes and dislikes of the people. Yes. Using the external trend and internal review of public opinion, the emperor led the emperor to make the ruling power public to the whole country and established it as a constitutional republic. It comforts the hearts of the people who are tired of chaos and hopes for governance, and far cooperates with the ancient holy world for justice. Yuan Shikai was elected by the Senior Council As a prime minister, when the old and the new are replaced, it is advisable to have a way to unify the north and the south, that is, Yuan Shikai has full power to organize a provisional republic government and negotiate with the militia for a unified method."

Abdication is the will of the people, and the destiny can be known.So I follow my heart and follow my destiny, not because of my Qing Dynasty, but because my destiny is over, so I quit.The emperor puts the overall situation at the top of his mind, and he can't "follow the likes and dislikes of the people because of the honor of a surname".Why should I abdicate?Our world is for the public, in fact, it was the revolutionary party who overthrew him, and the corrupt rule perished.He doesn't say that, he wants to say that the world is for the public. The latter sentence is even more funny, and that sentence was added by Yuan Shikai, "Yuan Shikai was previously elected as the prime minister by the Advisory Council. Organize a provisional republican government and negotiate a unified approach with the militia." The emperor's abdication edict said, I quit, the republic was established, and I appointed Yuan Shikai as the leader of the republic.The edict of abdication stated that Yuan Shikai had full powers to organize a provisional republican government. Yuan Shikai added this sentence. Of course, the emperor dared not disagree, and the signature was over.What does this mean?Who asked me to do this, my big president?Your Majesty, the grace of the imperial court, so I am the president, it has nothing to do with you, Sun Yat-sen, don't do this with me, my legal system comes from the abdication of the Qing emperor.Otherwise, how can I say that Yuan Shikai is living Cao Cao? Although he did not become the emperor, the emperor ordered me to quit, just like the feeling that Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty gave up to Cao Pi.

According to the three conditions put forward by Sun Yat-sen before he abdicated, the Nanjing government sent a special envoy to the north to welcome Yuan Shikai to take office in Nanjing.On the surface, Yuan Shikai welcomed the envoy warmly, but secretly instructed his cronies to create mutinies in Beijing, Tianjin, Baoding and other places.On the second day of the mutiny, Tang Shaoyi went to visit Yuan Shikai, and happened to meet Cao Kun in military uniform and broke in.After Cao Kun paid his respects to the President, Da Lala reported: "Last night, according to the secret order of the President, the mutiny has been completed." Seeing that Cao Kun had slipped his mouth, Yuan Shikai became angry from embarrassment, and cursed: "Nonsense, get out!" ” Sun Yat-sen couldn’t play with Yuan Shikai, who was old and cunning, so he was forced to back down here and agreed to Yuan Shikai’s appointment in Beijing.

In March 1912, Yuan Shikai took office as interim president in Beijing, and Yuan Shikai usurped the victory of the 1911 Revolution.The significance of the Revolution of 1911 lies in: First, it overthrew the Qing Dynasty, dealt a fatal blow to the autocratic monarchy, ended two thousand years of autocratic monarchy, and established a bourgeois republic. Second, it overthrew the imperial court of foreigners and hit imperialism. Third, create favorable conditions for the development of national capitalism. Fourth, it has an impact on the democratic liberation movements in Asian countries.