Chapter 19 2. Autumn wind and autumn rain make uprising

For a long time, deep in the soul of the humiliated advanced Chinese intellectuals, they have kept pace with maintaining "middle school" and traditional culture. At most, they have differences on what to learn from the West.Not many people had the idea of ​​overthrowing the Qing government.The purpose of learning from the West is to defend Chinese culture. This concept is simple and deeply rooted, and all differences can be unified here. This is the ultimate pursuit of Chinese literati. In the late nineteenth century, the number of Chinese students studying abroad increased enough to attract the attention of the government and to form the largest, loudest, and most active force in all Chinese revolutions in the world.The pioneers, represented by Sun Yat-sen, issued a revolutionary cry.Sun Yat-sen established an organization with the mission of overthrowing the Qing court and establishing the Republic of China.This opened a gap in a rotten China.

In 1905, Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing, Song Jiaoren and other members of the Xingzhong Association, Huazhong Association, and Restoration Association established the China Tongmenghui in Tokyo, Japan. After the First Sino-Japanese War, the Chinese did not hate Japan but admired it, especially some Chinese intellectuals at that time, and the Tongmenghui was established in Japan.Sun Yat-sen had long envied the West and Japan, the strength and efficiency of their governments, their technological level and economic development, and the energy and sense of activity that pervaded their societies. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were more than 8,000 Chinese students studying abroad, two-thirds of whom were in Japan. Firstly, the road was close, the cost of living was relatively cheap, and the living habits were similar; The conditions in Europe and the United States are different, but they are similar to Japan's national conditions, and the situation is similar. Japan can succeed at once, so let's learn from it. At that time, a considerable number of aspiring young people in China went to Japan to explore ways to save the country.China and Japan have completely torn their skins apart, and the bloody feud began when Japan wanted to destroy China under the "21st Plan".When China saw it, the Japanese of the same race and language were more ruthless than foreign officials with big noses and blue eyes, so they officially broke up with them.Japan's attempts to put China to death are the short-sightedness of its politicians.

The China Tongmenghui established in Japan is the direct ancestor of the Chinese Nationalist Party in Taiwan today.After the establishment of the Tongmenghui, Sun Yat-sen was elected as the prime minister. The prime minister is not a government post, but the KMT's respectful title for the supreme leader.After Sun Yat-sen passed away, in order to show respect for him, the top leader of the Kuomintang was renamed the president, and after Chiang Kai-shek passed away, in order to show respect for him, the top leader of the Kuomintang was renamed the chairman.Therefore, when the Kuomintang said that the prime minister must be Sun Yat-sen, the president must be Jiang Zhongzheng.There are many chairmen, from Chiang Ching-kuo to Lee Teng-hui, Lien Chan, Wu Boxiong, and Ma Ying-jeou.

The Tongmenghui adopted Sun Yat-sen's "expel the Tartars, restore China, establish the Republic of China, and equalize land rights" as its political program. "Minbao" is an official publication, and established the first national unified bourgeois revolutionary political party.Sun Yat-sen interpreted the political program of the Tongmenghui as the three principles of nationality, civil rights, and people's livelihood, referred to as the Three Principles of the People.This order cannot be reversed.The first few lines of China's national anthem during the Nationalist government were "Three People's Principles, which our party adheres to, to build the Republic of China and to promote great harmony."

"Expelling the Tartars and restoring China" is nationalism. The Tartars only want to overthrow the Qing Dynasty. Although they are not explicitly anti-imperialist, overthrowing the Qing Dynasty will naturally attack imperialism. "Eliminate Hu Mu, restore China, establish guidelines and discipline, and save the people." It is also 16 characters.Sun Yat-sen copied the first eight characters, but changed the last two sentences, and his level was higher. "Founding the Republic of China", that is, civil rights, is to overthrow the imperial system and establish a bourgeois republic. Civil rights are the core of the Three People's Principles.What kind of country will be established after the overthrow of the Manchu Qing Dynasty?republic.The imperial system must never be allowed to reappear on the land of China, and a republic must be established. This republic is called the Republic of China.

"Equal land rights" is the principle of people's livelihood.The majority of ordinary people in China are farmers, and the people's livelihood issue must first solve the problem of farmers' livelihood so that they have land to grow.Therefore, the Three People's Principles advocated the approval of land prices, and the price increase should be returned to the public. For example, when pricing a landlord’s land, 1 mu of land is 10 Yuan, and 100 mu of land is 1,000 Yuan. With the needs of economic development, the value of real estate has increased, and the land has become more valuable. One mu of land has risen to 100 Yuan. You sell 100 mu The land should be 10,000 yuan, but I can only get 1,000 yuan, and 9,000 yuan belongs to the state.The state took the money to buy land, and then distributed it to farmers.The state thinks this is a good thing, it doesn't cost money, landlords can keep their capital, and farmers can get the land, which is the best of the three worlds.

But the price of land is decided by the market. Why can I sell 100 yuan for 10 yuan per mu of land? I don’t need to sell this land, or I can use various means to make you dirty.For example, I want to sell a house. My house is a unit’s house. I bought it for 20,000 yuan. Now it is 70 square meters, 10,000 square meters. I should sell it for 700,000. The unit said, I If you have priority, I will give you 50,000 yuan. If you can’t sell it to others, then I will rent it out for 2,000 yuan a month. If you rent it for a few more years, you will come back.As long as private ownership exists, the farmers' land problem cannot be solved.

Sun Yat-sen's thought is a product of Chinese culture. He received scientific training and enriched his own theory with European and American theories, making it systematized and concrete.Sun Yat-sen explained in the "Manifesto of the Tongmenghui" that the steps to implement the Three People's Principles are divided into three periods: military administration, political training, and constitutional administration (military law, contract law, and constitution).Military administration is a period of destruction, focusing on national revolution; political training is to pass through the period, build self-government, promote civil rights, and focus on political revolution; constitutional construction focuses on people's livelihood, focusing on social revolution, and the three revolutions replace the three processes of European and American social evolution.

Unlike the bourgeois reformists who kept writing letters to the emperor demanding reform, the revolutionaries directly resisted with arms. What Kang Youwei said seems to make sense today. Why couldn’t China be ethnic at that time?Kang Youwei believed that the Chinese people had a low level of education at that time, and if they copied Western democracies, they would start fighting.However, India is much more illiterate than China. From independence in 1947 to the present 12 national elections, there has been no chaos. The relationship between democracy and education level is not as simple as Kang Youwei said.

The concept of revolution has taken root in the hearts of many people, especially among overseas students.There were constant uprisings all over the place. Hao Luzhen, a student revolutionist who graduated from the Japanese Non-commissioned Officer Academy, served in the New Army in Hubei after returning to China. Taking advantage of his position, he placed several comrades in the army to engage in propaganda and agitation work among the soldiers.He and several friends who yearned for the revolution held rallies in schools in several places in Hubei Province to publicize the revolution and distribute radical publications and leaflets.They formed a thriving organization called Science Tutorial, posing as an academic society.They received news that Huang Xing planned to launch a rebellion in the autumn of 1904, and they made arrangements in Hubei to cooperate with Huang Xing's actions in Hunan.It was an ambitious plan to simultaneously rise up in six cities in Hunan, and hoped to get responses in Hubei, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Nanjing and Shanghai. The time of the uprising was set for Empress Dowager Cixi's 70th birthday, which was November 1904. On the 16th, the eyes and ears of the Qing court detected the conspiracy and put it out immediately.

In December 1906, Liu Daoyi, a member of the alliance, launched the Ping Liuli uprising.Liu Daoyi, courtesy name Bingsheng, nicknamed Hue Fei.A native of Hengshan, Hunan, born in 1884, he studied at Xiangtan American Missionary School in his early years, and taught English all night long. Later, he participated in the revolution with his brother Liu Kuiyi. In 1904, he joined the Huaxing Society, contacted the party, and prepared to start an uprising.The uprising failed, and he went into exile in Japan, and organized a ten-member group in Tokyo with Qiu Jin and others.He joined the League the following year and served as secretary and secretary. In 1906, Liu Daoyi led the launch of the "Pingliuli Uprising". The main activities of the rebel army were in Pingxiang, Liuyang, Liling and other areas in Hunan Province.The scale of the uprising was very small, only about a few hundred people, and it was quickly suppressed by the Qing army. In December 1906, the uprising failed and Liu Daoyi was arrested in Changsha.During the interrogation, Liu angrily said: "Scholars can be killed but not humiliated. The dead will die." On December 31, he was killed by the Qing government outside Liuyang Gate in Changsha. He was only 22 years old.Compared with the influence of the later Wuchang Uprising, the "Ping Liuli Uprising" led by Liu Daoyi is nothing to mention. However, it was precisely the sparks of thousands of small-scale anti-Qing uprisings that formed the subsequent uprising. The trend of starting a prairie fire across the country!Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing, the main leaders of the Tongmenghui at that time, attached great importance to this uprising, and felt regret and grief for Liu Daoyi's heroic sacrifice!They wrote elegy poems in memory of Liu Daoyi.The Qilu written by Sun Yat-sen says: Half of the southeast three Chuxiong, Liu Lang died and Tyranny was empty. The rest of the inheritance is very difficult, who is generous with the people of Sri Lanka. The autumn wind mourns the war horses, and the sunset of Shenzhou weeps and mourns. When will you drink Huanglong wine to your heart's content? It seems that the revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen not only has great political strategy, but also has excellent literary talents.This poem can be regarded as the top grade among Sun Yat-sen's poems, but it is a pity that it is not widely circulated, perhaps because it is just an elegy!The beginning of the poem is magnificent: "Three Chuxiongs in the southeast of the half wall, Liu Lang died in Tyranny." I share the generosity of the Sri Lankan people." The firmness of the revolutionary cause and the regret for the loss of comrades-in-arms are vivid on the paper.The most eye-catching are five or six sentences: "The autumn wind mourns the war horses, and the Shenzhou sunset weeps and mourns." The characteristics of the elegy are brought to the extreme!The neatness of the antithesis and the profound meaning can be called the quatrains in the elegy!The last two sentences are written by a sudden force, with lofty ambitions: "When will you drink Huanglong wine, and embrace Jiangliu Yidian Gong".Encouraging himself with Yue Wumu's pride, "Go straight to Huanglong, and drink with the kings".Sun Yat-sen vowed to overthrow the decadent Qing Dynasty and fulfill the last wish of the martyr! After Liu Daoyi, uprisings were raging everywhere, such as the Zhejiang-Anhui uprising led by Qiu Jin and Xu Xiqi, the Zhennanguan uprising led by Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing, and the Huanghuagang uprising in Guangzhou.Qiu Jin is a female stream. In her 30s, she went to Japan to study abroad and participated in the revolution.She always holds a rib in her hand, which is the dagger used by Japanese samurai to disembowel herself, and she always reminds herself that death will show her will.The revolutionary activities of the students studying in Japan alarmed the Qing government. The Qing government asked the Japanese government to restrict the activities of loving life. Qiu Jin led the students studying in Japan to go on strike and organized a death squad to negotiate with the embassy.When Qiu Jin gave a speech before returning to China, when someone was spreading the theory of compromise, Qiu Jin pulled out a short knife from his boot, stuck it on the stage, and said with his finger: If someone returns to the motherland and surrenders to the Qing court, he will eat me with a knife. Qiu Jin's poems are full of masculinity: "You don't hesitate to buy a precious sword, and a sable fur for wine is also a luxury," "Don't say that women are not heroic, and they sing on the walls of Longquan every night."Qiu Jin is also full of pride.After the failure of the uprising, Qiu Jin knew that he would be arrested, but still refused to leave Shaoxing, sent everyone to stay in the school, and was surrounded by the Qing army. He was tortured and tortured, and he was unyielding. Big characters, generous martyrdom. Qiu Jin calls herself the "Heroine of Jianhu", people say that a tiger father has no dogs, and Qiu Jin's daughter is as good as her mother, how good is it?After Qiu Jin's daughter grows up, she looks for the murderer of her mother, and wants to kill him. That person is Guifu, the prefect of Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, Manchu.Qiu Jin's daughter once wanted to kill Guifu, and she was still looking for Guifu to settle accounts until the founding of the Republic of China.Guifu concealed his identity and hid for more than 20 years. He arrived in the Northeast, which was already a puppet Manchukuo at that time. As a result, Qiu Jin's daughter went to the Northeast to kill her enemies and avenge her mother. Xu Xiqi, a scholar, shot and assassinated the governor of Anhui.Such behavior made Qing officials very puzzled. The governor had a good personal relationship with him and treated him very well.Xu Xiqi said that he had a personal friendship with me, and I was avenging the country. In the end, Xu Xiqi was cut open and died. After sporadic attempts by the Revolutionary Death Squadrons and the fate of surviving their deaths, the Revolutionary leaders scattered for their lives.At this time, Huang Xing and others considered another strategy to realize the revolution in China. The first ten uprisings launched by the revolutionaries failed.They belonged to a typical elite revolution, and the blood of the elite was shed. There were too few participants in the uprising, and most of them were overseas students, overseas Chinese and party members.Overseas Chinese donated money and provided financial support.The underworld is the underworld. The underworld in Hong Kong and Taiwan has a long history, and most of them are branches of the Tiandihui.Sun Yat-sen believed that after all, this group of people flaunted anti-Qing and Fuming, and they were at odds with the imperial court and showed loyalty, so Sun Yat-sen reused the party.He himself had joined the Red Gang, and Chiang Kai-shek had joined the Green Gang.These uprisings are somewhat similar to today's "beheading battles".Directly attack the opponent's military and political head office and kill the opponent's political head.It's a very fashionable tactic.The problem is today's "beheading battle", or use missiles, or send special forces.And the group under Sun Yat-sen has neither missiles nor special forces.They relied on their vigor and enthusiasm, but lacked careful planning and necessary military training, and the uprising was doomed to fail.A revolution cannot be achieved by taking a few heads. Although the uprising of the revolutionaries failed, it had a far-reaching impact and shocked the whole country.General Huang Xing went into exile in Hong Kong after the failure of the Huanghuagang Uprising in Guangzhou. He was very sad and indignant, and wrote an elegiac couplet to the 72 martyrs: 72 athletes fought fiercely in spring clouds and clear blood, and 400 trillion sons of the country were worried about autumn rain and wet yellow flowers.In the Huanghuagang Uprising, seventy-two athletes awakened four hundred trillion sons of the country. Sun Yat-sen said in "The Preface to the Martyrs of Huanghuagang": "The essence of our party has been burned, and the loss can be described as great! However, it is also a battle, and the blood is flying everywhere. Fortress, the vegetation is full of sorrow, and the situation changes color. The people of the whole country who have been dormant for a long time are very excited. The accumulation of resentment and anger is like raging waves, which cannot be suppressed. The revolution in Wuchang will be completed in less than half a year. It can shock the world, weep the ghosts and gods, and live together with the Wuchang Revolution." Half a year later, the Wuchang Uprising succeeded.