Chapter 39 2. Beacon, see also Beacon

After the war, the Communist Party has grown to 1.3 million, and there are still 200 militias. There are 19 liberated areas, 1 million square kilometers, and a population of more than 100 million.At that time, it was proposed that the Kuomintang and the Communist Party should disarm, the Kuomintang would maintain 60 divisions, and the Communist Party would give up 8 base areas south of the Yangtze River. However, the two sides failed to reach an agreement on the issue of regime and army. The Kuomintang has always been unwilling to tolerate the existence of the Communist Party and is unwilling to make necessary political concessions. Since the end of the Anti-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek has prepared to solve the Communist Party by military means, and the temporary peace is only the preparation stage for war.Faced with the threat of war from the Kuomintang, the Communist Party naturally cannot back down, stick to the political bottom line, and prepare for armed resistance.

The reason why the Kuomintang dares to turn its face again, tear up the relationship between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, and launch a full-scale civil war has its capital.Even in the Anti-Japanese War, the consumption was huge, but in the comparison of military strength directly related to the war, the Kuomintang still greatly surpassed the Communist Party.Before the outbreak of the full-scale civil war, the Kuomintang army had 86 armies, 248 divisions, 2 million people, 740,000 irregulars, 360,000 special forces, 1.01 million people in logistics and rear institutions and military academies, and 190,000 people in the navy, army and air force. It is precisely because the Kuomintang has an unbeatable war machine that it has full confidence in the war with the Communist Party.When the Kuomintang army won a temporary victory in Siping in the northeast, Chiang Kai-shek was quite complacent, thinking that he had the capital to compete with the Communist Party in strength.

For how to defeat the Communist Party, Chiang Kai-shek has his own set of logic.He believes that transportation is the most critical aspect of modern warfare.If you control the city, you can control the traffic.Cities are economic, political and cultural centers, where talents and materials are concentrated, which can supply and support the army, and are fortresses of water and land transportation.In this way, even if the Communist Party owns a large area of ​​land, it will be cut off by the Kuomintang's communication lines, and logistics supplies will be difficult. In any case, the communist army will always be under the control of the Kuomintang troops and will always be passively beaten.Without big cities as bases, the Communist Party's troops can only be regarded as "rogue bandits."In view of this, after the start of the all-out civil war, the Kuomintang always focused its offensive on the cities and communication lines of the Communist bases, while the Communist troops still adopted mobile warfare in the officialdom and seldom held on to the cities.As far as the Kuomintang's military strength and combat initiative were not enough to cut off the movement and transfer of the Communist Party's troops by means of transportation, Chiang Kai-shek's efforts to prevent the Communist Party's troops from fleeing became empty talk.

In order to meet the needs of the civil war, the Kuomintang army had to maintain a certain number of soldiers, so it had to rely on high-intensity recruitment.The Kuomintang has always been unpopular, and its recruitment is very difficult. It basically relies on coercion, and arresting Ding Lafu is a common thing.Soldiers did not know who to fight for, lacked enthusiasm for combat, and surrendered to the Chinese Communist Party in constant wars, making it difficult for the Kuomintang to maintain a stable and effective army.However, the Communist Party developed a complete mechanism for first-line troops (field troops), second-line troops (local troops), and third-line troops (militia) to be quickly replenished step by step, and paid special attention to encouraging farmers to join the army with practical benefits, and to win Kuomintang soldiers to surrender.As far as the East China Field Army is concerned, more than half of the surrendered fighters in some units have surrendered, and basically all technical arms have surrendered.The weapons and equipment of the Communist Party basically come from the captured Kuomintang troops, especially heavy weapons.According to statistics, during the three-and-a-half-year all-out civil war, 1.8 million people in the Kuomintang army revolted, received peaceful reorganization and surrendered. The CCP’s propaganda at the time compared the Kuomintang troops to transport captains.

Although the Communist Party has been fully prepared from top to bottom for the outbreak of civil war, compared with the Kuomintang, China is weak after all, and decided to break with the Kuomintang. It is not easy to fight an all-out war. The outlook is worrying.Therefore, the CCP still hopes that the time of the national civil war will be postponed as much as possible, so that it can have sufficient time to prepare.This is also the main reason why the CCP did not hesitate to make major concessions during the peace talks in June.However, the Kuomintang was unwilling to give the CCP time to prepare. Mao Zedong thought over and over for a long time before making up his mind. In the face of a powerful opponent, Mao Zedong had the determination and courage to persevere. There are concessions, but the main policy is not concessions but struggle.

In view of its own inferiority in war power, the Communist Party mobilized all bases for war very early.It is required that all localities can act quickly and fully prepare to change from a state of peace to a state of war; in terms of military tactics, it emphasizes the use of mobile warfare, annihilation warfare, concentration of superior forces, and annihilation of the enemy one by one, not for the purpose of retaining the city.In terms of combat deployment, the CCP paid special attention to the cooperation between the various theaters, and constantly changed its deployment as the war progressed.Before the outbreak of the all-out civil war, China's small number of Central Plains troops attracted a large number of Kuomintang troops around it, reducing the pressure on other areas.

The Kuomintang army has many recent commanders, such as Du Ming, Sun Liren and others, who showed their prominence in the Anti-Japanese War and made the Japanese frightened by the news, but the Kuomintang The army has a lot of nepotism, seniority, and complicated personnel relations, which has a huge impact on the defeat of the Kuomintang army.While the CCP pays attention to the role of the older generation of generals such as Peng Dehuai and Liu Bocheng, it also allows the younger generation of generals who have been honed in actual combat to take command. Lin Biao, Su Yu, and Chen Geng, who are around 40 years old, have become representatives of the new generation of generals who have emerged in the CCP’s civil war. , They are on their own, and their excellent command ability in mobile operations using large corps is recognized by Chinese and foreign military circles.

The Kuomintang and the Communist Party have been fighting for many years, and the generals of each other are very familiar with each other.During the battle of Liaoshen, the commanders of both the Kuomintang and the Communist Party were students of Whampoa. The battle ended with the defeat of the Kuomintang. Chiang Kai-shek was so angry that he was furious: "Lin Biao belongs to the fourth period, but you belong to the first period, all of them belong to the first period." , the instructor can't beat the students, and the first round can't beat the fourth round!" The all-out civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party began with the Central Plains War.After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Li Xiannian's troops from the Fifth Division of the New Fourth Army, Wang Shusheng's troops from the Henan Military Region, and Wang Zhen's troops from the Southward Detachment of the 359th Brigade of the Eighth Route Army joined forces in northern Hubei and southern Henan, west of Pinghan Road, to form the Central Plains Military Region, with Li Xiannian as the commander.During the negotiations in Chongqing, the Communist Party proposed to give up this area, but later the situation changed, requiring the Central Plains troops to stay in the current position to attract the Kuomintang troops, so that our army can have room for development in the north.However, the Central Plains base has not been established here for a long time, and the area is narrow, with little room for maneuver. Tens of thousands of troops gathered again, and the logistics supply was obviously insufficient.Moreover, this place is isolated from other bases of the CCP, and it is impossible to obtain their echo and support.The Communist Party proposed the transfer of troops from the Central Plains, which was flatly rejected by Chiang Kai-shek. In fact, the Kuomintang had long ago targeted the isolated Central Plains troops of the Communist Party, and mobilized a large army to encircle them. They were ready to strike when the time was right, and their strength was far inferior to that of the Kuomintang Central Plains The troops are in a dangerous situation and are in danger of being wiped out at any time.

With the escalation of the war in Northeast China and the intensification of the armed confrontation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, the war in the Central Plains is imminent.Chiang Kai-shek frequently mobilized high-level Kuomintang party, government and military leaders to mobilize for war on various occasions.Liu Zhi, director of the Zhengzhou Suikan Office, mobilized 180,000 people in 8 reorganized divisions several times the size of our army, preparing to annihilate our army's Central Plains troops in one fell swoop. Liu Zhi used to be an instructor in Whampoa, and has always been appreciated by Chiang Kai-shek.After the end of the Central Plains War in 1930, Chiang Kai-shek appointed Liu Zhi as the chairman of Henan Province.But Liu Zhi liked to gamble, and his colleagues hosted a farewell banquet for him, and Liu lost all the first army's salary for one month.Liu Zhi had no choice but to hide and not take office.Chiang Kai-shek finally found him and forced him to explain the whole story.Liu Zhi had to honestly admit that he had lost everything. Jiang asked: Is it cash or a bill?If it was a bill, Chiang Kai-shek could rely on his status as a leader to help him get rid of it. It is estimated that Chiang Kai-shek would often thank his subordinates for repaying the bill. Unfortunately, Liu Zhi lost all in cash.Chiang Kai-shek reprimanded Liu Zhi for making mistakes and ordered him to take office immediately.Chiang Kai-shek paid half of the lost cash for him and lent him half, and this debt was settled.

Under Liu Zhi's fierce offensive, it is miraculous that the Central Plains troops quickly broke through after learning of the Kuomintang's deployment.The person in charge of the Central Plains Military Region was surprised by the Kuomintang to break out from the area where the Kuomintang's deployment was weak, and turned to the mountainous area at the junction of Henan, Shaanxi and Hubei.Soon, Li Xiannian's troops, Wang Zhen's troops, and Wang Shusheng's troops successfully crossed Pinghan Road on the Xinyang section of Pinghan Road.The troops in charge of the cover task moved eastward and westward, using the gap of the Kuomintang to highlight the encirclement and advance towards the Jiangsu and Anhui areas.

The breakout action of the Central Plains troops greatly exceeded the Kuomintang's expectations. They took frantic measures to chase and intercept. In this way, the relatively peaceful situation after the truce was issued was finally broken by the Central Plains War.The flames of the civil war spread from the northeast to the Central Plains. Large-scale wars broke out between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party in central Jiangsu, northern Jiangsu, and central Anhui. After the outbreak of the full-scale civil war in 1946, East China has been the main battlefield of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party.Under the pressure of the Kuomintang's superior forces, our East China troops gradually retreated from northern Jiangsu to Shandong, and Shandong became the main battlefield in the East China theater.In Shandong, the Kuomintang army commander Gu Zhutong directly commanded 24 divisions, 60 brigades, and 450,000 people.These people assembled into three corps and advanced towards the mountainous area in central Shandong.Shandong is facing an intensified confrontation, and the East China Field Army, under the command of Chen Yi and Su Yu, is actively looking for fighters. In order to strengthen the confrontation, at the end of the year, the Kuomintang sent 4 divisions into northern Jiangsu, and the reorganized 26 divisions moved in very quickly.Due to the speed of the march, the commander of the 26th Division already felt that his troops were weak, there were no reinforcements in front and behind, and he was very isolated. He hoped that he could retreat back.Chen Yi seized this opportunity, concentrated the main forces of the Shandong and Central China field forces, and attacked suddenly.At this time, the master is not there, the dragons in front have no leader, and the morale of the army is weak.It rained heavily that day, the road was muddy, and the chariots in the fast column couldn't exert their strength at all.On the day of the battle, the 26th Division and the First Fast Column were inexplicably wiped out.As soon as the war here ended, Chen Yi ordered our army to immediately attack the 51st Division reorganized by the Kuomintang. The commanders of the two divisions were captured, and the enemy suffered heavy losses in just a few days. In February 1947, our Shandong Field Army and the East China Field Army were combined into the East China Field Army for joint operations.Since then, our army repelled the enemy's attacks again and again, and the offensives of the Kuomintang troops on various battlefields had to come to a halt. On April 1, 1947, various ministries of the Kuomintang made their last large-scale attack in Shandong.They opened up the main railway roads, prepared for a large-scale mobilization of troops, and approached the command center of the East China Field Army in an attempt to reverse the situation of the battle and wipe out our army in one fell swoop. The Kuomintang troops were very cautious this time, fighting steadily, and did not easily change the attack plan based on gains or losses in one place. The East China Field Army failed to achieve its attempt to induce the opponent to make mistakes several times.Especially Tang Enbo's troops, once they found that the East China Field Army was slightly threatening, they adjusted their deployment and retreated. The field army was unable to attack for a while, and the war environment was very depressing. The war thus reached a stalemate.Everyone hopes to open the gap and make a breakthrough in the war situation in East China, but neither side dares to act rashly.The situation on the East China battlefield affects the hearts of the Central Military Commission.Mao Zedong always paid attention to the East China battlefield.He reminded Chen Yi and Su Yu: be patient, be patient, be patient again.In accordance with the instructions of the Central Committee, the main force of the East China Field Army took the initiative to retreat and wait for the opportunity.This action really confused Chiang Kai-shek. Seeing our army retreating, he thought that our army was exhausted and unable to fight decisively.Chiang Kai-shek personally rushed to Xuzhou and Jinan to deploy troops, and ordered all ministries to track and suppress the East China Field Army. The stalemate on the battlefield was thus broken. Tang Enbo finally failed to hold back his temper. When he had the opportunity to make meritorious service, he changed his previous method of fighting steadily and steadily. The reason why Tang Enbo dared to launch an attack was that he had the reorganized 74th Division, which was equipped with all-American weapons, fierce combat, strong mobility, and the quality of officers and soldiers was first-class in the Kuomintang army. Favor.Since the full-scale civil war began, the reorganized 74th Division has been the vanguard, successively capturing several important cities in East China, with arrogance.There is a saying within the Kuomintang that "with ten 74 divisions, China can be unified".Zhang Lingfu never took the communist army seriously.The East China People's Liberation Army had long wanted to wipe out Zhang Lingfu's arrogance. As soon as they heard that the 74th Division was about to be reorganized, they all geared up, and a fierce battle was about to begin. Tang Enbo took the reorganized 74th division as the backbone, and the reorganized 25th and 83rd divisions as the left and right wings, and quickly rushed to the location of our department.Chen Yi and Su Yu have been paying attention to the movements of the 74th Division. It is undeniable that the 74th Division is making rapid progress and poses a great threat to the East China Field Army.Moreover, there are more than ten divisions in the Guangyou unit of the 74th Division, and the distances are very close. The 74th Division is making rapid progress and poses a great threat to the East China Field Army.Moreover, there are more than ten divisions in the Guangyou unit of the 74th Division, and the distances are very close. The 74th Division itself has super combat effectiveness. Once the East China Field Army exchanges fire with it, if it cannot win in a short period of time and is in a stalemate, the situation will be very critical.Su Yu learned from the relevant information intercepted by the intelligence department that Tang Enbo ordered the 74th Division of Zhengbiang to capture Tanfu, and he believed that a favorable fighter had appeared.He proposed to seize the weakness of the reorganized 74th Division, which is isolated and prominent, arrogant and underestimated the enemy, and take advantage of the soldiers' aura of wanting to compete with the 74th Division, change our army's tradition of attacking weak enemies first, quickly concentrate the absolute superiority of troops, attack them unprepared, and annihilate the reorganized 74 divisions. This is a battle of seeking victory in danger, and Chen Yi is very much in favor of it. The central government hopes to give full play to the initiative and flexibility of the troops in combat.The East China Field Army Command made a decision to go to the head of Zhang Lingfu among the millions of troops, deploy five times the strength of the 74th Division to encircle and suppress, and four times the strength of the 74th Division to serve as the blocking mission, and fight to the death. The next day, the East China Field Army launched an attack on its authority. After a day of fierce fighting, the 74th Division was encircled in the Menglianggu area. The 74th Division encountered a frontal attack from the East China Field Army, and its neighboring troops on the left and right flanks retreated under the attack of the Field Army, leaving them alone and helpless. Only at this time did the 74th Division understand the strategic intentions of the Field Army and the determination of the East China Field Army to eat itself.Zhang Lingfu already wanted to retreat, but the East China Field Army occupied the only way for the 74th Division to retreat at a speed faster than that of a car, completely cutting off his retreat.Zhang Lingfu had no choice but to bite the bullet and fight. When Chiang Kai-shek heard that his ace army was under siege, he immediately flew from Nanjing to Xuzhou to supervise the battle.However, Chiang Kai-shek still overestimated his own strength.On the one hand, he strictly ordered Zhang Lingfu to stick to his position, with the 74th Division as the center, and hold the enemy firmly;In this way, Zhang Lingfu had no way out, so he could only go all out and occupy Meng Lianggu, waiting for reinforcements. The East China Field Army has almost fallen into a desperate situation with no way out, and the situation they are facing is very dangerous.The war can no longer be delayed, our army must quickly resolve the Reorganized 74th Division; we must also block reinforcements from the enemy and gain time for the annihilation of the Reorganized 74th Division.Zhang Lingfu's reinforcements were only a day or two away from Meng Lianggu, the main battlefield. For this reason, Chen Yi and Su Yu both went to the front line to supervise the battle, leading the troops to charge, trying to annihilate the 74th Division and capture Zhang Lingfu alive. The East China Field Army has a clear purpose and a clear direction.With the front-line supervision of the commander, morale was high. On May 15, our East China Field Army launched a general offensive.At this time, Zhang Lingfu was almost at the last moment of desperation, with insufficient troops and insufficient infantry firepower, it was extremely difficult to deliver supplies, and his men and horses were completely exposed to the opponent's flames of war.But Zhang Lingfu still stubbornly resisted, struggling to the death.The intensity of the Menglianggu battle was rare since the War of Liberation. The field army fought to the death, and their determination to win drove Zhang Lingfu to a dead end.At the last moment, Zhang Lingfu called for help frequently from all parties. Chiang Kai-shek strictly ordered reinforcements from all walks of life, and even issued a death order: "If there is any hesitation, hesitation, or failure to provide assistance, and if you stop halfway, causing the death of friendly troops, you must avoid the war with fear of bandits. , Strictly investigate the crime and never forgive." Chiang Kai-shek successively ordered 493 sorties of aircraft to conduct reconnaissance, bombing and strafing, and airdrop support, but to no avail.The reorganized 25th and 83rd divisions with the fastest reinforcements are only 5 kilometers away from the 74th divisions. The shells have been able to hit Meng Lianggu, but they are still hovering at the front of the line.Every time the Kuomintang troops came to actual combat, when they came to the last moment, they still considered their own safety and hesitated.Zhang Lingfu never expected that with his own strength, he would sit back and watch being wiped out among the 100,000 reinforcements around him. In the Battle of Menglianggu, the East China Field Army wiped out more than 30,000 people from the reorganized 74th Division at the cost of more than 10,000 casualties, and killed Zhang Lingfu who was hiding in the cave.The victory of this battle severely damaged the Kuomintang's key offensive on Shandong, forcing it to temporarily switch to the defensive, and at the same time effectively cooperated with the victory offensive in northern Shaanxi and other battlefields. Surrounded by heavy Kuomintang troops, the East China Field Army quickly withdrew from the battlefield, defeating Chiang Kai-shek's plan for another decisive battle.The annihilation and reorganization of the 74th Division was a heavy psychological blow. Chiang Kai-shek once said frankly that the failure of the Menglianggu Battle was the most painful and regrettable thing since the Civil War, and it was an irreparable loss.So far, the Kuomintang's offensive in Shandong has temporarily come to an end. Zhang Lingfu's bravery in battle is recognized.In the early years, during the war against Japan, Zhang Lingfu broke a leg in the flames of war. After the battle of Menglianggu, the field army finally found a corpse with a prosthetic limb from the dead, and was able to confirm its identity.Regarding Zhang Lingfu's death, in order to stabilize the morale of the army, the Kuomintang once publicized that Zhang Lingfu "killed himself for benevolence and was loyal to the party." Isolated, surrounded by enemies, that is to say, those who led each other to kill themselves in the position included more than 20 senior generals such as division commander Zhang Lingfu, which was tragic and tragic." After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the domestic situation continued to be turbulent.The Kuomintang received a large amount of Japanese and puppet assets and the surplus materials of the US military, and it became strong all at once!If you have money, it is easy to breed corruption, and if you don't have money, there will be no corruption.The Kuomintang was not fully prepared for the unexpected victory of the Anti-Japanese War, and felt somewhat explosive. They did not know how to use the money they had, and they did not even know how to receive post-war supplies.Many people in the Kuomintang are corrupt, full of malpractices, and public grievances are everywhere. What the Kuomintang officials do is to intensify conflicts, and they have no image at all.In the areas ruled by the Kuomintang, there is one strange thing. Prices will only go up. In this way, the prestige and reputation that the Kuomintang won hard-won due to the victory of the War of Resistance quickly fell from peak to trough, which directly affected the stability of the Kuomintang in power. Those who lost their hearts lost the world. It is also a foreshadowing of the failure of the Kuomintang. In the early days of the Anti-Japanese War, young students were full of enthusiasm and prepared to recover, but the students in the rear were quiet for a while.During the Anti-Japanese War, the Kuomintang gradually strengthened party-oriented education in universities in the rear, and competed with the Communist Party for students.During the rule of the Kuomintang, education has not been relaxed, and there are quite a few colleges and universities in various places.The Communist Party uses the strict underground organization as the backbone to strengthen student work, and proposes a set of policies that are in line with the lifeline of middle school students' thinking.Not long after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, armed conflicts between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party followed one after another, causing unrest in all sectors of society. At the end of 1945, the student self-government associations in Kunming organized many lectures on current affairs, and the Kuomintang's brutal suppression of the student unrest aroused strong dissatisfaction from people from all walks of life. From the end of the Anti-Japanese War in 1945 to the failure of the Kuomintang and retreating to Taiwan, in just a few years, the domestic situation changed drastically, and the domestic economy also went through a very difficult journey.Although the Kuomintang proposed an economic recovery and reconstruction plan after the war, the turbulent political and economic environment prevented the plan from being implemented. The Ministry of Economic Affairs is the department in charge of the economy of the national government. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Song Ziwen's main work was to restore the economy and rebuild.Song Ziwen can also be regarded as a talented student in the Department of Economics at Harvard. He thought that this buddy was born to save the Kuomintang's economy, but in reality he kept hitting walls. In just over a year, he stepped down amidst the crisis of skyrocketing gold and out-of-control economy. The economy during the Kuomintang period was basically a mess, with insufficient supplies of materials, serious imbalances in fiscal revenue and expenditure, and a series of problems such as inflation.After the Anti-Japanese War, the recovery and reconstruction of the industrial and commercial economy concentrated in the light industry sector and coastal cities, while the gray scale and reconstruction of the agricultural economy were decisively affected by the domestic situation.The destruction of the production environment by large-scale wars, the occupation of labor by conscription, and the heavy tax burden are extremely detrimental to the recovery and development of agricultural production. If you do not create a peaceful environment in the country, no matter how good an expert you are, I am afraid that you will be powerless. An important reason for the failure of the Kuomintang was that it could not solve the problem of soaring prices. In 1945, after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, prices rose by 9,400 times compared with 1937. The currency with the largest denomination found in China so far is the gold round bill issued by the Xinjiang Provincial Bank of the Kuomintang. A single bill is 6 billion. One bill has nine zeros after six. How many bills did he print for 6 billion? More than 3.6 million sheets, more than 3.6 million and 6 billion, how much do you calculate, the computer can crash, calculate this number, 3.6 billion, what can 6 billion buy, it is said that it can buy more than 100 grains of rice.Therefore, the price has risen for more than 10 years, and the common people cannot bear it.The prices have skyrocketed. Eat a bowl of noodles. A bowl of noodles sells for 400,000 in the morning and 1.2 million in the evening. The price is adjusted 7 times a day. With violent inflation, money is worthless, and ordinary people would rather use Ming coins than the currency issued by the Kuomintang.In the areas ruled by the Kuomintang, although the Kuomintang government banned the circulation of gold, silver and foreign currencies and forced the people to exchange their gold and other valuables into banknotes issued by the Kuomintang government, it could not prevent the widespread circulation of gold, silver and foreign currencies.In fact, gold, silver and foreign currencies have replaced gold round coupons and are directly traded.In the countryside, since silver dollars and copper coins are insufficient currency, the common people simply practice primitive barter exchange, and grain and cloth have become the equivalent of market exchange in many places, completely returning to ancient times. The Kuomintang currency was worthless, which led to an influx of foreign currencies.In addition to U.S. banknotes and Hong Kong dollars, there are also various foreign currencies such as British pounds, French francs, Singapore dollars, Vietnamese currency, Portuguese currency, Indian rupee, and Burmese kyat. The currencies of countries with many overseas Chinese can be seen in the Chinese market, which was an eye-opener for people at that time. Due to the difficulties in economic recovery and reconstruction, the Kuomintang once placed great expectations on the United States.Song Ziwen is known for his knowledge of the United States and his pro-Americanism. During the war, he was engaged in the work of seeking support from the United States. After the war, he naturally hoped to receive support from the United States.However, the chaotic situation of the Kuomintang after the war made Americans afraid to invest money in this bottomless pit. The economy of the Kuomintang-ruled areas collapsed in 1948.Finance, finance, industry and commerce, and agriculture are full of problems.The domino effect, politics affects the military, and the economic crisis induces a political crisis. From the inside, the Kuomintang's rule is already hanging by a thread.The irresolvable economic crisis caused the irresolvable social crisis, which eventually led to the total collapse of the KMT's rule on the mainland. When the U.S. ambassador to China Leighton Stuart left China, he said to the Kuomintang generals with regret: "What the Communist Party defeated you was not the airplanes and cannons, but the honesty and the people's hearts in exchange for honesty."