Chapter 26 3. A "ism"

It was not easy for Marxism to spread in China and serve as a revolutionary weapon.Modern Chinese people are constantly looking for a path that can change China's poverty and weakness.Peasant uprisings, self-examination by landlords and scholar-bureaucrats, bourgeois reforms or revolutions, almost all forces have tried their best. After the establishment of the Republic of China, the political situation still did not improve. The Chinese intellectual world has almost fallen into total chaos.Mr. Lu Xun once said that using doctrine, Western things, regardless of good or bad, are regarded as life-saving straws, and they are used as they are, which is a choice that Chinese intellectuals have no choice but to explore.How did Marxism, a foreign idea, be convinced in this magical land of China, and how was it transformed into a weapon of struggle?

The cannon fire of the October Revolution, the victory of Bolshevism, seemed to point out a new way out for the exploring Chinese.But in fact, "Among those who believed in Marxism before and after the May 4th Revolution, only 12 were proletarians. All the rest were educated, and some came from quite wealthy petty bourgeoisie. Geographically they were scattered in Beijing (around the Peking University where the luminaries Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao belonged), Shanghai (around the radical Shanghai University founded in 1923 and the trade unions created by Chen Duxiu in 1919-1920), the three towns of Wuhan (around the Zhonghua University and its Affiliated Senior High School, where Li Hanjun and Yun Daiying taught), Changsha (revolving around Mao Zedong, Cai Hesen and others' Xinmin Society), Guangzhou (revolving around colleges where Chen Gongbo, Tan Pingshan and others taught), Guangzhou's Haifeng , Lufeng (peasant associations around Peng Pai), Inner Mongolia (easy access to the Soviet Union and Beijing), Yulin in Shaanxi (around the normal school where students from Li Dazhao entered Wei Yechou), Chengdu (around the higher normal school where Wu Yuzhang and Yun Daiying taught) , together with Japan, France, Russia, where many Chinese students have received Marxist influence. The source of ideological influence is mainly Beijing (through the widely circulated magazine "New Youth"), plus Marx and Engels, Lenin and Kautz Japanese translations of Key's works, and contacts with Marxists and Marxism in France. 05"

The translation of important works of Marxism is an important part of understanding, learning and accepting Marxism.The first time Marx’s name appeared in China was in February 1899. The “Wanmin Gazette” published “Big Classmates” translated by Timothy Lee and written by Chinese priest Cai Erkang. This article introduced Marx and Engels.Since then, their names have gradually appeared in the newspapers. Generally speaking, the main translators and disseminators of Marxist theory before the May 4th Movement were bourgeois intellectuals.They were introduced selectively for different political needs.After the October Revolution, Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao and others systematically published Marxist articles, promoted and studied Marxism, and took "New Youth" as a front, Marxist "Wage Labor and Capital", "Marx's Economic Theory", Works such as "Marx's Historical Materialism" have attracted people's attention.

The goals of the old and new democratic revolutions in China are the same, and both aim at anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism.The biggest difference is that its leadership class is different.The old democratic revolution was led by the bourgeoisie, while the new democratic revolution was led by the proletariat. The proletariat stepped onto the stage of history during the May 4th Movement. They needed their own political party, which is the Chinese Communist Party. The growth of the working class and the development of the labor movement laid a class foundation for the establishment of the Communist Party of China, and the establishment of Chinese communist groups in various places made organizational preparations for the establishment of the Communist Party of China.There is Chen Duxiu in the south and Li Dazhao in the north, the two founders of the Chinese Communist Party.

In 1921, the first congress of the Communist Party of China was held in Shanghai.Previously, in the summer of 1920, with the help of the Communist International, Chen Duxiu established China's first communist group in Shanghai.Subsequently, communist groups sprung up like mushrooms after rain all over the country and among French and Japanese students studying abroad. [Picture Note 4-55] At that time, there were 53 party members nationwide, of which 13 representatives attended the meeting.The General Assembly established the Communist Party of China and adopted the party program.In terms of content, the party program defines the name of the party and the goal of struggle: use the proletarian army to overthrow the bourgeois regime and realize communism.

The congress clarified the central task of the party: organizing the working class and leading the labor movement.At the same time determine the party's central leadership.The Communist Party of China's victory in 1949 relied on the leadership of the advanced class and the broad base of the masses.For the Chinese revolution to succeed, these two most basic conditions must be met. Both Kang Youwei and Sun Yat-sen are representatives of the advanced class.Both the bourgeoisie and the proletariat are advanced classes, which are associated with large machine industries. Compared with the traditional classes, the bourgeoisie lacks a broad mass base. Kang Youwei's reform has won the support of the national bourgeoisie, patriotic intellectuals, and cheerful landlords. There are very few people in China.Sun Yat-sen's revolution relied on overseas Chinese, overseas students, and party members.The success of the Wuchang Revolution depended on the new army, and the more we looked at it, the more we could see that Sun Yat-sen probably never had the real support of the bourgeoisie in his life.Zhang Jian, the most powerful capitalist in China, supported Yuan Shikai.So the national bourgeois revolution is led by the advanced class, but it has no mass base.The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Boxers have a broad mass base, but without the leadership of the advanced class, this is even more terrifying.Only the Chinese Communist Party, which not only represents the advanced class but also has a broad mass base, can lead the revolution to victory.

The First Congress of the Communist Party of China completed the task of establishing the party and proposed to overthrow the bourgeoisie and realize communism.The bourgeoisie was not in power at the time, and they took the overthrow of the bourgeoisie as their goal, which shows that the Communists did not have a clear understanding of China's national conditions and only copied the experience of the Soviet Union.The Second Congress of the Communist Party of China changed this situation. In 1922, 12 representatives of the "Second National Congress" of the Communist Party of China attended the meeting representing 195 party members across the country.The Congress determined the nature and the highest program of Chinese society.It is clear that the object of the revolution is imperialism and feudal warlords, from time to time the bourgeoisie.The party's minimum revolutionary program, that is, the democratic revolution program, is to overthrow the warlords, overthrow imperialism, and unify China into a true democratic republic.The workers, peasants, petty bourgeoisie, and national bourgeoisie are the driving force of the democratic revolution.

The national flag of China is the five-star red flag. The big star in the middle of the five-star red flag is obviously the Communist Party of China, and the four smaller stars represent workers, peasants, petty bourgeoisie, and national bourgeoisie.Zeng Liansong, the designer of the national flag at that time, took this idea.At the Second Congress of the Communist Party of China, the national bourgeoisie was not only not the object of the revolution, but the driving force of the revolution. [Picture Note 4-56] At this meeting, the Chinese Communist Party decided to join the Communist International. The Comintern, founded in Moscow in 1919, is the Communist Party of the world, and the Communist Parties of all countries are its branches. It is above the Communist Parties of all countries.