Chapter 14 4. Liu's Group goes public, wears new shoes and walks the old road

The dynasty after Qin was the Han Dynasty, and the political and economic system of the Han Dynasty was the succession of the Han Dynasty to the Qin system, with gains and losses.Basically the same as the Qin Dynasty.But there are changes and additions and subtractions. The first is the governor system.During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the world was divided into thirteen prefectures, and the governor was set up. The emperor selected his cronies to serve as supervisors of the prefectures and the kingdom.The rank of the governor is six hundred stones, while the rank of the county guard and the prime minister of the kingdom is two thousand stones.This is where the emperor is clever, the small officials control the big officials, the inner court officials control the outer court officials, let them check each other.Compared with Wang Guocheng, the governor of the county has a higher rank than the governor, but the governor is an imperial envoy of the emperor, with the constitution of heaven in his mouth, and the cashier of the king's orders.They can hold each other. If I grab your neck and you grab my belt, no one dares to do anything wrong.If the governor's rank is higher than that of the sheriff and the prime minister of the kingdom, he will become their superior, and the local government will not be able to restrain them.

This method was often used by emperors of all dynasties, and they played it with great proficiency.But in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the imperial court did not seriously understand the painstaking efforts of the ancestors, and added administrative and military power to the governor, and the governor officially became the governor of the state.Local administrative divisions changed from two levels of prefectures and counties to three levels of prefectures, prefectures and counties, and the governor became the superior of the county guard, which paved the way for the warlord separatism at the end of the Han Dynasty.There are dozens of counties, and the county guards do not have the ability to separate the regime. There are only thirteen prefectures. The territory is too large, and it has the strength to challenge the central government.

The second is that the prefecture and county system coexisted with the feudal state system, and Confucianism and Legalism came together.The Han Dynasty practiced the system of prefectures and counties and also the system of feudal states, which were divided into kingdoms and marquis states.The kingdom is no different from the separatist regime, and the Hou state is supervised by the county where it is located.Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty, and he concluded, why did Qin die?He remembered Chun Yuyue's words, he believed that one of the important reasons for the fall of Qin Dynasty was that there was no enfeoffment.It's what Chunyu Yue said, without Fu Fu, how can I save it?So I have to divide the seal, and if there is a fight, someone will support me.

He entrusts the king with the same surname, and he must have the same surname as the emperor. The emperor's brothers, nephews, and uncles can be named kings.Brother-in-law can't, uncle can't, uncle can't too, because it's a foreign surname.He couldn't write two characters of Liu in one stroke, so Liu Fei, Liu Bang's elder brother, went to Shandong to be the king of Qi, and his son Liu Chang was granted the title of king of Huainan.The kingdom is as big as a county, and it is actually no different from a separatist regime, because the kingdom's army is recruited by itself, officials are appointed by themselves, and even coins can be minted.At that time, the money was copper coins without anti-counterfeiting marks, as long as the mines were opened, it could be made.There are mines in your kingdom, just do it, and you may end up with more money than the central government.So when Liu Bang was dying, he asked the ministers to swear to the white horse (the horse is very precious, let alone the white horse): it is not the Liu family who is the king, and the world will strike together.Liu Bang said that only those with the surname Liu can have a state, and those who are not surnamed Liu dare to confer Wang Jianbang, and everyone beat him up.The tradition of not being kings with different surnames has been established since the Han Dynasty. Basically, in ancient China, there were very few cases of conferring kings with different surnames, and many of them were granted posthumously.For example, Yue Fei was granted the title of king of Hubei after his death for more than 60 years. It has no practical significance, and there is no possibility of rebellion and seizure of power.In some dynasties, such as the Tang and Song Dynasties, there were county kings with different surnames, but those who were not named princes, the kings were divided into county relatives, in order to have a nominal limit.Heroes can be named Marquis, and there are three classes of Marquis: County Marquis, Township Marquis, and Ting Marquis.The county marquis enjoys the clothing, food, rent and taxes of a county, but you can't govern the people or the army, you only have taxes.Xianghou is lower, Zhuge Liang is Wuxianghou; Tinghou is even lower, like Guan Yu Hanshou Tinghou, Liu Bei's early Yicheng Tinghou.

Generally, it is the two levels of princes and princes who enfeoff, but it still poses a great threat to centralization.Because the emperor's surname is Liu, and my surname is Zhang, I want to replace the emperor as emperor, which is considered rebellion.If the whole world disagrees, I will beat a drum in my heart.Now the emperor's surname is Liu, and I'm also surnamed Liu. In terms of seniority, I'm still an uncle. When my brother dies, it's my turn. Why do you brat do it?It doesn't matter to the people in the world, the Liu family's war is none of your business, whoever becomes the emperor, you still fry potato shreds at home, you care about that?Therefore, these kings with the same surname actually pose a greater threat to the later centralization of power.

This matter was not obvious when Liu Bang was alive, but it would be troublesome when he died. Wu Wang Liu Bi was the uncle of Emperor Jing of Han in terms of seniority, and the chaos of Wu, Chu and Seven Kingdoms broke out.Of course, Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty settled down in three months. You see that there are so many troops, and the mob with wooden sticks is not as good as the regular army of the imperial court, and it will be wiped out at once.However, suppression by force cannot fundamentally solve the problem. How did Emperor Han Jing's son, Emperor Han Wu, solve this problem?

First, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty promulgated the Tweet Order. Zhufu Yan suggested to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: build up the princes with less power.The meaning of building more, building more, enfeoffing a few more princes, the power of the princes will be averaged out.Let me explain the specific operation principle. The patriarchal system in ancient China was that the eldest son came to the throne.The eldest son is the wife of the queen, and the eldest son born to the queen can be established as the prince and succeed the emperor in the future.What should I do if I am a fool?the same.To establish a country and establish a descendant, not to establish a virtuous person.Only the big ones are established, not the capable ones.Except for the eldest son born to the queen who was established as the prince, other children and bastards can be entrusted as kings.What kind of first prince, second prince, and third prince are there in those Hong Kong and Taiwan TV dramas, talk about it!There can only be one prince, why don't there be so many princes pinching each other?The prince has one, three, five, and the emperor can have two, four, and six.Prince is not an honorary title, not all sons of the emperor are princes, otherwise all those who teach in universities are professors.In the same way, children other than the crown prince are crowned kings, and the eldest son born to their wives is called the eldest son, who will succeed to the throne in the future.Except for the eldest son who succeeds the throne, the other children can be named marquis, after which they become ordinary people.You see, Liu Bei was after King Jing of Zhongshan, and the uncle of the big Han emperor was weaving straw sandals there. How could the uncle be so miserable that he sold straw sandals?Just because his direct ancestor was not the eldest son, he did not inherit the throne of King Jing of Zhongshan, and was named a marquis. After the marquis was over, he would be out of business, selling straw sandals.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty meant that your eldest son inherited your father's throne, so it would be inappropriate for your younger brother to sell shoes.So you distribute your kingdom to these younger brothers of yours, establish a marquis country, and you are your king, and then have several younger brothers divide a few pieces of land, and let your younger brother be a marquis.Don't forget, the Hou State is under the jurisdiction of the county where it is located. It can only pay for food, clothing, rent and taxes, has no governance over the people, and has no power to command the army. Therefore, the kingdom becomes smaller and smaller, and power is equalized, so it has no ability to fight against the central government.My younger brother is a marquis, and I am grateful to the emperor. If the emperor gave me the marquis, I would sell shoes without the emperor. How could I rebel.Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty's Tweeting Order made the princes and kings feel unspeakable, and the kingdom was suddenly divided into several small princes. This is the operating principle of "building princes with less power".

After the promulgation of the Tweeting Order, the emperor began to use knives, and issued a law of gold.If the gold handed over during the sacrifice to the ancestors is not good enough, it is necessary to sell the gold to win the title.Should sacrifice ancestors to pay 24K gold, you pay 18K gold, disrespect to ancestors and still deserve to be a prince?The titles of more than a hundred princes were withdrawn, and they were already so small that they were powerless to resist. This withdrawal of more than one hundred, the rest are good babies. Then promulgate the law of benefit, prohibiting the princes and kings from making friends with guests, restricting the activities of the princes and kings, only food, clothing, rent and taxes, and not participating in political affairs.If the King of Chu is entrusted there, he can enjoy the clothing, food, rent and taxes there, and he can be the biggest rich man there, and the wealth of the entire county will be given to you, but you cannot interfere in the government affairs.

There is also the crime of traveling privately.It is stipulated that the princes and kings shall not leave the fief without the consent of the central government, and those who violate it shall be reduced to marquis.Even when it developed to the Ming Dynasty, the princes and kings were not allowed to enter Beijing unless they obeyed the imperial edict, and entering Beijing casually was treason.Mom is dead, go back to the funeral, your brother doesn't want to see you, and if you don't let you go, you have nothing to do!The Qing Dynasty was even more godly. The princes were not allowed to leave Beijing unless they obeyed the imperial edict, and they were all circled in Beijing.The emperor will not send you a mission, you will never be able to leave Beijing for the rest of your life, and you want to travel to Yunnan, but there is no door, what will you do if you go there to rebel?As a prince, he looks extremely noble, but he can only be an otaku, and being frightened is no different from going to jail.

Over there in Fengtai World Park is the Dabaotai Han Dynasty Tomb. There is no epitaph, and no one knows who was buried. It is said that Liu Dan, the king of Yan, was buried.According to the records of "Historical Records", Liu Dan, the king of Yan, died in this way: he used the emperor's guard of honor when he traveled, why not do it!The son of heaven goes out with a golden melon key and an ax facing the sky, twelve pairs.As a result, he felt that the sky was high and the emperor was far away, and Beijing was far away from Chang'an. No one could see it, so he also put out twelve pairs!The Prime Minister of the Kingdom was performing the duty of supervision, and a fast telegram was sent to the capital, saying that King Yan's assassination had violated the system.So the imperial decree of the capital, express delivery, a cup of poisoned wine, and King Yan assassinated himself.The reason why He Shen was executed was, to put it bluntly, two words - violating the system.Your family actually used nanmu to build a house, only a palace would do.This guy has been corrupt all his life, but when he was punished, he was not called corrupt, but said he violated the system.However, violating the system is not the worst thing. After King Yan assassinated himself, his son can still take over the title, and the country of Yan will not be expelled. Another decree of Emperor Wu: the law of unjust and chaotic wives and concubines.Many vassal states were eliminated and turned into counties.The law of the Han Dynasty stipulates that only the eldest son of the main wife can be established as the son of the world. If the main wife is barren, the country will be removed and the county will be made.No matter how many bastards a concubine has, she cannot inherit a football team.Whoever dares to succeed to the throne as a commoner is "not righteous" and will not be a commoner.It is called "disorderly wives and concubines" to use concubines as concubines.This decree is very well combined with the Tweeting Order. While giving Tweet to princes and children whose main wives have children, at the same time removing the names of princes and children whose main wives have no children.Those who have the power will find a restraint for you, and those who have no power will be exempted to the end. As a result, all the kingdoms were later surrounded by counties and counties, and there is no way to rebel. In this way, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty killed the threat of the kingdom to the central government in the cradle. As mentioned earlier, the officials in the pre-Qin period were Shiqing Shilu, the dragon gave birth to the dragon and the phoenix, and the son of the mouse dug a hole in the ground.From the beginning of the Qin Dynasty, military merits were rewarded, and knights were conferred according to military merits.Therefore, people with titles in ancient China generally made military exploits, and civil officials were the same. For example, Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang were knighted only after they made military exploits.In the Qing Dynasty, Zhang Tingyu was the only literati who did not make military exploits and was conferred a title. He compiled the "Kangxi Dictionary", made him an earl, and was withdrawn after ten years.So there are no literati who can be knighted, you can be a bachelor, and you can be a minister of military affairs, but there is no title, and the title must be made for military exploits.During the Qin Dynasty, there were many wars, and it was easy to make military exploits. In the Han Dynasty, the country was at peace for a long time, and it was difficult to make military exploits.Moreover, the old military exploits will lead to the old soldiers in power, so this thing will not work.The Han Dynasty had a very good system called the Cha Ju System.Prosecution means election, from bottom to top, to select talents as officials.The full name of the procuratorate is called the system of enlistment and investigation.Zheng means that the emperor heard that you are virtuous, so he conscripted you to the capital; Pi means that the prime minister and county guards heard that you were virtuous, and appointed you as a member of staff, but such people are rare after all. There is an idiom called "overwhelmed water is hard to get back", which generally describes the relationship between men and women.In the Western Han Dynasty, there was a scholar named Zhu Maichen. His brother was poor, and his family was so poor that he couldn’t even wear trousers. Then his wife always stepped on him: What’s the use of reading there all day? Can you do something useful?To do business, to speculate in stocks.Zhu Maichen said I would not.I won't go to the supermarket to carry mineral water, and neither will I.His daughter-in-law got angry and divorced, goodbye.During the Han Dynasty, the atmosphere was quite open, and women could ask for a divorce. Zhu Maichen’s wife remarried. Later, Zhu Maichen was too virtuous.Zhu Maichen rode a tall horse and came back with his entourage. Two thousand stones were just playing around!His daughter-in-law came to him and said that she was teasing you last time!I have seen that you can do it a long time ago, I just want to encourage you, let's remarry!Zhu Maichen said Xiao Mian, don't do this with me. Splash water in front of the horse, pour a basin of water in front of the horse, if you take it back, remarry; if you can’t take it back, go play!It's hard to get overwhelmed by water.But there are too few people like Zhu Maichen who can make shit luck, the emperor can even hear about how talented you are.So expropriation is not the main way, what is the main way?Investigate and recommend talents from the bottom up. In the selection of talents in the Eastern Han Dynasty, they paid attention to filial piety and honesty.Filial piety and honesty are not talents, but virtues.The measure of virtue is that when everyone says you are filial, you are filial; when everyone says you are honest, you are honest.This system is very good. If you think about it, leading cadres respect the elderly, do not corrupt, and do not take ill-gotten gains. By extension, this social atmosphere is of course good.But on the other hand, if I am not an official, of course I am honest, I will go to someone else!I am filial, of course I am filial if you come to our house for inspection.Forty years old, I knelt on the ground to wash my father's feet, filial piety is not filial piety!Lift up my father's trouser legs to see, the black mark I kicked last night is still there.When the father died, he built a hut next to the grave and kept filial piety for three years, and finally gave birth to a child every year. What is this called? Can it be called filial piety?So Xiaolian really can't be measured.Whether you are filial or not, whether you are honest or not, you rely on the prestige of talents in the local area, which is called the election in the township examination. The so-called prestige means that money is not important. A businessman has money, but a businessman is only interested in profit. Can he be filial?Only official families have prestige, so family status became the main basis for elections. Later, when you become an official, it depends on whether your family is from official background.Europeans once said that to cultivate an aristocrat in three generations, aristocratic temperament needs to be cultivated, and nouveau riche is not an aristocrat.Common people are never filial and dishonest, and official family backgrounds can always be promoted, thus creating generations of public officials.For example, Yuan Shao before Cao Cao unified the north, four generations and three princes.The four generations and the three princes are not hereditary, it is not that Yuan Shao's grandfather passed it on to his father, and his father passed it on to him, but the four generations of their family have accumulated prestige, and they have all become high officials like the three princes. His disciples and old officials are all over the world, which shows that he has great power how big.In this way, one person occupies the power of the four prefectures of You, Ji, Qing, and He. There are a total of thirteen prefectures in the world, and he occupies four prefectures.He has great influence but not great strength, and he lives off his prestige, or he is a worthless person, such a powerful person was wiped out by Cao Cao! As a result, this election system obviously violated the original intention of the year, and it could not elect useful talents for the country. The management of the people in the Han Dynasty implemented household registration, and then the people who were registered in the household registration were called household registration Qimin, who had an independent identity and were responsible for the state's taxes, corvee and military service based on their property.Why does the country register ordinary people as household registers?good management.In addition, this tax, corvee and military service must be collected.So you see, whether in the past or now, China is the least suitable country for terrorist attacks, because China has strict management of household registration.When you wandered around the neighborhood, a group of old ladies caught up, who are you looking for?You bastard, you didn't even enter our community!You want to install explosives, can you install them?Therefore, it is unlikely to think of terrorist attacks on China. Why is it good to attack the United States?The United States doesn’t even have an ID card. You are who you say you are, you make up a name to enter the United States, and then create a fake driver’s license or something.In China, ID cards are all anti-counterfeiting, so what are you doing?There are so many people in China who can't do anything, so the management of household registration has been very strict since ancient times.Of course, it was mainly for taxation at that time. Land rent, population tax and tax were the most basic taxes that ordinary people had to pay.The land rent in the Han Dynasty was much lighter than that in the Qin Dynasty. In the Qin Dynasty, the tax was two-thirds.However, land rent is not the main focus, and population tax and taxation are the main focus.Whenever the court announces that I will not collect this tax, it must be that this tax does not make money and is not in the main.