Chapter 40 Chapter 9 Famous Hakka Characters

Hong Xiuquan, courtesy name Renkun, was born in Hua County in 1814, and was born in Jiaying Prefecture (now Meizhou City), Guangdong Province.He founded the God Worship Association in 1843, and later wrote "The Original Dao Salvation Song", "The Original Dao Awakens the World", "The Original Dao Enlighten the World", etc., calling on the people to come together to realize the ideal of "one family in the world, sharing peace". struggle.He and Feng Yunshan went to Guangxi for activities, and successively recruited Yang Xiuqing, Xiao Chaogui, Wei Changhui, Shi Dakai and other Hakkas from Guangxi to form a leading group. On January 11, 1851, he revolted in Jintian Village, Guiping, Guangxi, established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and proclaimed himself the Heavenly King.Subsequently, the Taiping Army marched northward, captured Jinling (now Nanjing) in March 1853, and changed Jinling to Tianjing.He promulgated the "Tianchao Tianmu System", which was Hong Xiuquan's plan to save the country and the people, and also the political and economic program of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. The incident of Yang and Wei occurred in 1856, and Shi Dakai was forced to leave the following year, which caused serious losses to the revolution.Later, he promoted Chen Yucheng, Li Xiucheng, Hong Renkai, etc. Although the passive situation of the war was reversed, the Qing government colluded with foreign invaders to suppress it, Tianjing was besieged, food and aid were cut off, and Hong Xiuquan died of illness in June 1864.

Not only many generals and backbones of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom were Hakkas from Guangxi and Guangdong, but also a female army led by Hong Xuanjiao was active. Most of them were Hakkas. Page. Ding Richang was born in Fengshun, Guangdong in July 1823. 20-year-old scholar. In 1859, he served as magistrate of Wan'an County, Jiangxi Province. In 1862, Mao Hongbin, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, supervised the handling of arms. In 1863, Li Hongzhang transferred him to Shanghai to supervise the handling of arms, and participated in military affairs and foreign affairs. In 1864, when he served as Su Song Taidao, he participated in the establishment of the Shanghai Machinery Bureau, and recommended Rong Hong to the United States to purchase machinery and hire technicians, and established the largest military factory at that time (now it has developed into Jiangnan Shipyard).He also attached great importance to the mining industry and strongly recommended Tang Tingshu to establish Kaiping Coal Mine (now Kailuan Coal Mine).

In 1865, when he served as the envoy of the Lianghuai Salt Transport, he tried his best to overcome the disadvantages of salt. In 1867, he served as chief secretary and governor of Jiangsu Province, and cleared 270,000 accumulated cases in two years. In 1873, he participated in the establishment of China's first new type of shipping company - China Shipping Merchants. In 1875, he served as Minister of Shipping in Fuzhou, and the following year as governor of Fujian. He once crossed the sea to inspect the entire province of Taiwan.Ding Richang attached great importance to education and established Longmen Academy in Shanghai. In 1870, he established the "Overseas Students Office". In 1872, he sent 30 overseas students to the United States, creating a group of talents such as Zhan Tianyou and Yan Fu.

In February 1882, he died of illness in Jieyang, Guangdong. Chen Baozhen was born in Yining Prefecture (now Xiushui County), Jiangxi Province in 1831.Juren was born. In 1894, he served as the chief political envoy of Zhili. From 1895 to 1898, during his tenure as governor of Hunan, he actively carried out the reform measures, promoted new policies with Huang Zunxian, Xuezheng Jiangbiao, etc., opened current affairs schools, set up mining, steamship, telegraph and manufacturing companies, and published "Xiang Xuebao".Chen Baozhen became a well-known figure of the reformers, and all the provinces sent people to visit it one after another, causing a sensation in the government and the public.For this reason, he was criticized by the conservative Wang Xianqian and others.After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, he was dismissed.

He died suddenly in his residence in Xishan, Jiujiang, Jiangxi in 1900. Huang Zunxian, courtesy name Gongdu, nicknamed Renjinglu Master, was born in Jiaying, Guangdong (now Meizhou City) in 1848. He is a famous modern diplomat, enlightenment thinker, and poet. Safeguard the rights and interests of overseas Chinese.During his stay abroad, he carefully observed the society of the host country.He wrote more than 500,000 words of "National Chronicles of Japan", 50 volumes, detailing the process of Japan's reforms and the pros and cons of the pros and cons. Combined with China's reform proposals, he believed that China must reform itself, follow Japan, carry out reforms, and participate in the Reform Movement of 1898.As a famous poet, Huang Zunxian advocated that "I write my mouth by hand", expressing "things that the ancients did not have, and territories that have not been created".His poems reflect the sufferings of the people, express patriotic passion and justice, and also describe Hakka mountain and rural customs and exotic customs.His poems include "Human Realm Cottage Poetry Grass", "Japanese Miscellaneous Poems" and so on.

Qiu Fengjia, nicknamed Xiangen, nicknamed Canghai, was born in 1864 in Tongluowan, Miaoli County, Taiwan, from Zhenping County, Jiaying Prefecture, Guangdong Province (now Jiaoling County).At the age of 14, he was admitted as the number one scholar in Taiwan. In 1889, he became a Jinshi and served as the head of the Ministry of Industry.Later, he resigned and returned to Taiwan to give lectures in various academies. In 1894, when the Sino-Japanese War of 1894 broke out, he "spend his family's wealth for military pay", actively supervised regiment training, and prepared to defend the country.The following year, the Qing government was defeated and Taiwan was ceded to Japan. He stabbed blood three times and wrote a letter requesting "reject the Japanese and defend the land".The Qing government ignored it. He advocated the formation of the anti-Japanese regime "Taiwan Democratic Republic", organized the Taiwanese rebel army to fight fiercely with the Japanese army for more than 20 days and nights, and was defeated and returned to Zhenping, Guangdong. He actively established schools in Chaozhou, Jia, and Sui to promote new learning.He used to be the president of the Guangdong Education Federation and the vice chairman of the Guangdong Consultation Bureau.Sympathize with and support the Revolution of 1911 led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen.When the Republic of China was established, he went to Nanjing and was elected as a member of the provisional Senate.He returned to Guangdong due to illness, and died in Zhenping on February 25, 1912, at the age of 49.Qiu Fengjia was also a "giant of the revolution in the poetic world". Influenced by Du Fu and Lu You, his poems aroused patriotic enthusiasm.

Sun Yat-sen, named Wen, styled Yixian. Born in Cuiheng Village, Xiangshan County (now Zhongshan City), Guangdong in 1866.His ancestral home is Zhongba Gongguan Village (now named Sunwupai) in Yong'an County (now Zijin County).The fourteenth patriarch Sun Dianming moved to Cuiheng Village, and Sun Yat-sen has been handed down to the eighteenth generation for five generations.Sun Yat-sen spoke Cantonese, and he could also speak Hakka - when the Hakka people came, he would use Hakka to talk. In his early years, Sun Yat-sen went north to write a letter to Li Hongzhang, proposing innovative political ideas, but was ignored, so he went to Honolulu to organize the Revival of China. In 1905, he organized the China Tongmenghui in Japan and was promoted as prime minister. He established the revolutionary program of "expel the Tartars, restore China, establish the Republic of China, and equalize land rights". struggle.Since then, he has developed revolutionary organizations at home and abroad, contacted overseas Chinese, congregation parties, and the new army, and launched uprisings many times in various places. On October 10, 1911, the Wuchang Uprising succeeded, and all provinces responded.On December 29 of the same year, he was elected as the interim president of the Republic of China by representatives of 17 provinces.Later, because of the compromise between the revolutionaries and Yuan Shikai, he was forced to resign as the president.After Yuan Shikai was restored and proclaimed emperor, Sun Yat-sen sternly challenged Yuan and launched the "National Protection Movement". In 1919 he reorganized the Chinese Revolutionary Party into the Chinese Nationalist Party. He returned to Guangdong in 1920 and became the very president the following year, preparing for the Northern Expedition.Later, due to Chen Jiongming's rebellion, he besieged the presidential palace, and Sun Yat-sen escaped and retreated to Shanghai.

When Sun Yat-sen suffered repeated failures, the victory of the Russian October Revolution and the establishment of the Chinese Communist Party gave him hope and strength. Chen Jiongming was expelled in 1923. After he returned to Guangzhou, with the help of the Communist Party of China and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and the support of the leftists of the Kuomintang, he held the first National Congress of the Kuomintang in Guangzhou in January 1924, and adopted a declaration to implement The three major policies of "uniting with Russia, uniting with the Communist Party, and supporting farmers and workers" reorganized the Kuomintang and carried out an anti-imperialist and anti-feudal democratic revolution.In October of the same year, he was invited to go north to discuss state affairs, and put forward two calls for "convening a national meeting and abolishing unequal treaties" to fight against Beiyang warlords Duan Qirui and Zhang Zuolin.

Sun Yat-sen dedicated his whole life to the Chinese national democratic revolution, persevered in spite of all setbacks, and died from overwork in Beijing on March 12, 1925.His posthumous works were compiled into "The Complete Works of Sun Yat-sen", "The Complete Works of Prime Minister", "The Complete Works of Sun Yat-sen" and so on.The Revolution of 1911 led by Sun Yat-sen overthrew China's thousands of years of autocratic monarchy; he first shouted the slogan "Rejuvenate China" and encouraged the Chinese people to strive for the rise and prosperity of the nation.Sun Yat-sen, like Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping, is the three greatest figures in the modern and modern history of China.

Zhang Dingcheng was born in Yongding, Fujian Province in 1898. Joined the Communist Party of China in 1927, and together with Deng Zihui and other comrades led peasants' armed uprisings in Shanghang, Yongding, Longyan and other counties, and established workers' and peasants' power. In 1931, he served as the executive member of the central government and the minister of land.After the Long March of the Red Army, he served as the chairman of the Military and Political Committee of Southwest Fujian and insisted on guerrilla warfare.During the Anti-Japanese War, he successively served as the commander of the first detachment of the Southwest Fujian Anti-Japanese Volunteer Army and the second detachment of the New Fourth Army.During the Liberation War, he served as the commander of the Central China Military Region. In July 1949, he led the 10th Corps to liberate Fujian, and served as Secretary of the Fujian Provincial Party Committee and Chairman of the Provincial Government.Since then, he has served as the fourth secretary of the East China Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the acting head of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and the chief prosecutor of the Supreme People's Procuratorate.He was elected vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the Fourth and Fifth National People's Congress. He died in Beijing in December 1981 at the age of 83.

Liao Chengzhi, whose ancestral home is Huiyang, Guangdong, was born in Tokyo, Japan in September 1908.Under the influence of Sun Yat-sen, Song Qingling and his parents Liao Zhongkai and He Xiangning, he devoted himself to the revolution in his early years. During his stay in Japan from 1927 to 1928, he was arrested three times for engaging in revolutionary activities. After being deported back to China in 1928, he joined the Communist Party of China in Shanghai. From 1928 to 1932, in France, the Netherlands, and Germany, he was arrested and deported for leading strikes. After returning to China in 1932, he was arrested again when he was working as a leader in the Shanghai All-China Federation of Trade Unions and the National Seamen's Federation.After his release, he joined the Red Army and served as Secretary-General of the General Political Department of the Fourth Front Army of the Red Army.During the Long March, he was arrested by Zhang Guotao because he insisted on the correct line. After the first, second and fourth armies joined forces, he was rescued and released by Zhou Enlai.During the Anti-Japanese War, he worked in the Anti-Japanese United Front in Hong Kong.After the fall of Hong Kong, he returned to Guangdong and was arrested by the Kuomintang. After being rescued and released from prison in January 1946, he assisted Zhou Enlai in the Nanjing CCP delegation. From 1946 to 1949, he served as a member of the Southern Bureau of the Communist Party of China, deputy director of the Central Propaganda Department, and president of Xinhua News Agency. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he served as Deputy Minister of the International Liaison Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Deputy Minister of the United Front Work Department, Secretary of the Central Secretariat of the Communist Youth League, Director of the Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee, Deputy Director of the Foreign Affairs Office of the State Council, Director of the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council, and Chairman of the China-Japan Friendship Association. .He has successively served as a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, a member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. He died in Beijing in June 1983 at the age of 75. Chen Pixian was born in Shanghang, Fujian in March 1916. He joined the revolution at the age of 13 and participated in the anti-"encirclement and suppression" struggle in the Central Revolutionary Base.After the Long March of the Red Army, he insisted on guerrilla warfare in the Jiangxi-Guangdong border area. During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, he served as the Secretary of the Central Suzhong District Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Political Commissar of the Central Suzhong Military District of the New Fourth Army. In 1947, he served as the political commissar of the East China Field Army column and the political commissar of the Corps. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he served as the secretary of the Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China, the first secretary, and the secretary of the East China Bureau Secretariat. Since 1977, he has successively served as secretary of the Yunnan Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China, second secretary and first secretary of the Hubei Provincial Committee, political commissar of the Wuhan Military Region, and director of the Standing Committee of the Hubei Provincial People's Congress.Later transferred to Beijing, he served as secretary of the Secretariat of the Twelfth CPC Central Committee, secretary of the Political and Legal Committee of the CPC Central Committee, and vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the Sixth National People's Congress. Lee Kuan Yew was born in Singapore in 1923. His great-grandfather was from Dangxi Township, Dapu County, Guangdong Province, and later traveled across the ocean to Singapore to make a living. In his early years, Lee Kuan Yew went to Cambridge, England to study law. After studying, he returned to Singapore and became a lawyer representing many trade unions. In 1954, he and his colleagues founded the People's Action Party to fight against colonialism. In 1959, in the joint struggle of various political parties, Singapore finally won the autonomy.The People's Action Party won a majority in the election, and Lee Kuan Yew, who was only 30 years old, came forward to form a government and became the first prime minister.Since then, with his outstanding political ability, he has transformed Singapore, which is dirty, crowded and without mineral resources, into an important port in the world, an Asian financial center, and an international conference center, making Singapore a city of economic prosperity, social stability, and civilization and progress. One of the "Four Asian Tigers".